Now that we have understood what additive manufacturing technology is and also we have discussed some of the criteria, let's look at some of the industry applications, basically understand which are the industries where they are rapidly adopting this technology, and then we'll see why? In this chart, we have four industries listed, aerospace, automotive, healthcare, and consumer products. I think additive manufacturing is being adopted in these industries. First, let's start with aerospace industry. As we can understand, each industry has got its own constraints and requirements. In aerospace case, they certainly are going to be low volume as needed in additive manufacturing and also they will pay a lot of premium for anything that we can do to improve the design of parts and change the geometric shapes to reduce the weight or material consumption. That's actually what drives applications in aerospace and the focus there is on strength of the material, the performance of the material, and then the weight of the material. Automotive industry is also actually adopting additive manufacturing quite rapidly in the last few years. But certainly, in automotive industry, it's not widespread, obviously, because automotive manufacturing, unlike planes, is not in hundreds or thousands but it's actually in thousands of millions, in terms of the number of cars that being produced. Additive manufacturing is applied in specific aspects of specific areas in automotive not widespread. For example, we talked earlier, rapid prototyping and also a new product development. New product development when they have to create a prototype and then you have to test. The introduction of additive manufacturing is certainly helping auto companies shrink the total time it takes for them to come with a new part or a new product as well. There are several benefits for the consumers as well in terms of cost and rate weight reduction, just like we saw in aerospace industry. But we also see the capability for auto industries to even personalized products, that can come from 3D printing. Both in aerospace and automotive, of course, this is reducing a significant amount of wastage, in fact, saving more wastage in automotive industry because of the volume production. Those are some of the applications in automotive industry. Another interesting industry that actually is adopting additive manufacturing or 3D printing is healthcare industry. Because healthcare industry, basically, is uniquely positioned in terms of the applications here or human organs. Human organs by definition, are going to be unique to an individual. For example, my fingers, my hands are not going to look similar to anybody else, my friends, or even my family members. That's the unique feature that we have. If a human organ has to be printed, then naturally it can lend itself to additive manufacturing, where you can take sometimes the capability of 3D sensors, where we can scan, where you can actually take a particular existing part. You can scan that part and get the full information about the 3D image of that shape. That can be done with organs as well, and then you can reverse engineer that and then create that particular organ that'll perfectly fit that particular individual. This personalization and a lot size of one or n equal to 1. We've been talking about the market pressure coming to manufacturing. That's true in this industry of taking care of organs replacement in healthcare industry. That's a classic example of additive manufacturing is used. The last consumer products, in fact, we see that more recently, 3D printing and additive manufacturing as a concept is rapidly coming into the consumer products as well. Because additive manufacturing is not just the printing aspect of it, but the ability to explore the design space to new design structures, new design solutions, which basically allows the industry to reimagine products and reimagine how the products are used. Those kinds of applications actually driving their adoption of additive manufacturing in this industry. Of course, added to that rapid product development and customization product and unique uses of these products. Another industry actually not listed here, which I want to emphasize is also in fact, championing in the adoption of additive manufacturing is the defense industry. In fact, defense is one of the pioneers in terms of adopting this technology. Because again, as you can imagine, defense industry, whether you're actually looking at the parts for a tank or any of the different products, they're going to be not very high volume, not all of them. Then also they're going to be the premium price for any strengthened performance of the product that is manufactured. The criteria we talked about are price premium for performance. Because in the defense industry, of course, as you know, I mean if there's any quality problem of things don't work or things can be improved, is certainly will improve because what you're playing with is the risks and the cost of human life. That's why that industry is on the front of exploring and innovating using additive manufacturing and adopting this technology.
