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1.2.2 Cranial nerves
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From the course by Peking University
Advanced Neurobiology I
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From the lesson
Anatomy of the Nervous System
Let's start with a basic introduction of neuroanatomy.
Meet the Instructors
Yan ZhangProfessor
School of Life Sciences, Peking University
Yulong LiResearch Fellow
School of Life Sciences, Peking University
And, from our brain stem, this region,
we have many cranial nerves,
starting from this brain stem region and
ends to control our face, our lungs, our tongues,
our eyes, and the muscle of our necks.
And then, these nerves include olfactory nerves,
optic nerves, oculomotor nerves,
trochlear nerves, trigeminal nerves.
Abducent nerve, facial nerve,
vestibulocochlear nerves,
glossopharyngeal nerves, and
vagus nerves, accessory nerves,
and hypoglossal nerve.
So, if we classify these cranial nerves into classifications,
we can see most of these nerves can be divided into either sensory nerve,
or motor nerve, or mixed nerves.
The sensory nerve consists of olfactory nerves which control our olfaction,
and optic nerves control our vision and visual information processing.
Also, our vestibulocochlear nerves which
possess our auditary informations.
And then, we have the motor nerves.
The motor nerves contains oculomotor nerve,
trochlear nerve, abducent nerve, accessory nerve, and hypoglossal nerve.
So, we can have mixed the nerve controls both sensory and motor activity.
So, both, so, this nerves contain both sensory and the motor fibers.
These nerves consist trigeminal nerves, facial nerves,
glossopharyngeal nerves, and the vagus nerve.
And, if we go through the each nerve and
the functional of each nerve to control one by one.
Why.
And, we can see the nerve number one, the olfactory nerve control.
Well, the location of cell body and
axon's category is the location of the cell body is olfactory cell.
And then, from the name, we can know that this nerve controls the function of smell.
And then, the second nerve, optical nerve, and
then the input of the optical nerve is our ganglion cells from our retina.
And then, of course, it controls the vision system.
And then, our vestibulocochlear nerve controls
two part, one is our vestibular ganglion and
then the other is our cochlear ganglions.
The vestibular ganglion send the information into this nerve,
and then, this part can control our balance and the movement.
Also, the sense of body itself.
The cochlear ganglion is sending the information
of the auditory inputs and then it control our hearing.
So, let's look at these nerves.
So, olfactory nerves, this is our epithelial
Cells of our olfactory mucosa.
It's right here in our nose region, behind our nose.
And then, the smell molecule or the chemical can induce our smell.
Combined into or combined with the receptors located in our
olfactory mucosa, right here, in our nose.
And then, the molecule, the smell molecule, can activate
the receptors at our epithelial cells here, and then,
can turn into the chemical signal into electronic signal, and
then, the electronic signal will send back to our brain for further process,
and then, the signal here goes through our olfactory bulb.
And then, get into our olfactory nerve, and then,
from olfactory nerve get into our brain region.
Optical nerve, optical nerve gets input information
from our ganglion cells and our retina, right here.
And then, the lateral geniculate body is the relay region for
our visual information in our brain.
And then, a vestibulocochlear nerve.
As we mentioned before, there are two parts of this nerve.
One receives input or information from our vestibular ganglions.
And then, this part control the feeling of balance,
movement and then the body precision.
And, the second part will get input or information from Cochlear ganglion.
And then, this part will control the hearing information.
So, one part is from the cochlear,
this turning part here is the cochlear.
And then, this part here is our vestibular system.
So, the motor nerves.
The motor nerve, we have several motor nerves and the one is
ocular motor nerves control the movement of our eye.
So, these other muscles can be controlled by these nerves.
And also, we have accessory nerves.
Accessory nerves can also control the movement of our eyeball and
the close part of our eye.
And, for the motor nerves, also,
we have trochlear nerves, and
trochlear nerves control the movement of our eye or facial.
Within this category,
we also have abducent nerves.
And then, abducent nerves also control our eye or facial movement.
And then, accessory nerve also control the movement of our neck muscle.
And then, the last one is hypoglossal nerves, and from the name we can know,
this nerve controlled movement of our tongue and the muscle of the tongue.
So, this is the oculomotor nerves.
So, there are several branches from this oculomotor nerves, and then,
the main function of this nerve is to control the movement of our eyeball.
So, this is the position of these oculomotor nerves, right here,
back to our eyeball.
Accessory nerve.
This is the position of our accessory.
This is from the back view of our head, and then, this is the position of
the accessory nerve, and then, this is the position of abducent nerve.
It's right here, this one, this yellow one here.
And, it also has branches to get into the neck muscle and eyeball muscle.
Hypoglossal nerve, so here,
this is a side view of our head.
The hypoglossal nerve is right here and it has several branches,
can control the movement of our chin and the movement of our tongue.
So, the mixed nerves and
the first mixed nerve is the trigeminal nerve.
There are several components, fibers or
branches, with this trigeminal nerves.
And then, this graph shows us the several
branches of our trigeminal nerve.
Basically, there are this red part and then the green part.
So, the red part can control, in this picture,
the red part nerve can control the movement or
the sensory input of this red region.
And then, the green part here can control the sensory or
movement of the green region right here.
Also, for mixed nerve, we have facial nerve, as the trigeminal nerve,
the facial nerve contains several parts or several fibers as well.
These are the fibers apart of the facial nerves.
So, this is our facial nerve.
So, the facial nerve contains three parts.
This red branch here, and then, this blue branch here, and
then, these yellow branches here.
So, this facial nerve can control the movement of our neck muscle,
of our tongue, the movement of our tongue and
our chin, also can control the movement of our
eye fissure here, the upper eye fissure.
Glossopharyngeal nerve, also has several branches or fibers.
Okay, there are three major fibers starting from the glossopharyngeal nerve.
One is this red part here, and then,
the yellow part here, and then, the red part, and then, the blue part here.
The blue part control the feelings,
sensory input of our neck muscle,
our tongue, our teeth,
and then, the red part here control the movement of our chin.
The yellow part control the secretion of our gland.
The vagus nerve.
So, here's the position of several nerves of our vagus nerve.
Several branches of our vagus nerve.
It's around our neck region, and then,
these several branches control the inputs from our neck and
also, from the feedback of our breathing
system and heartbeat system.
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