So let's back to Cesare. He's a microbiologist, and his theory topic from the introduction you probably will see that he likes to study all those weird bacteria with toxins, right. So, you know, he get a lot of prizes, but a lot of prizes are in toxinology, hygienes. The reason is because he like to study bacteria related disease, and indeed, through evolution there a lot of passenger. Pathogens that, some of them are bacterial, some of them are not. So evolution, they evolve specific toxins that they can target the enzymes of medical components in their host, okay? To hijack in weight those hosts for their own benefit, and if we could identify the target for those toxins. Because through evolution those toxins become very, very specific, very, very effective. So On the other hand, it only hijacked or killed that host. But it also provide a valuable molecular reagent, helping us to identify its target. And that could intend helping us for understand the fundamental process in different biological systems. Not only in neuroscience, but also in immunity, in many other fundamental, cell cycle aspect of biology. And so he is very interested about different neurotoxins and other toxins, bacterial related diseases. For example, anthrax, and how does that work and hijack people kill people. But this paper is about his study of tetanus or botulism okay so maybe some of you didn't know that but if you see that. It's Botox lot of you might be familiar with. So Botox so for those of you including male students, please pay attention that might be useful for you. Botox is a very popular agent especially in our neighboring country like South Korea, okay. That can render the wrinkles to be disappeared. Okay. Again in our final look I probably need to engineered to change this cartoon hoping that those Russians won't be mad at me. Okay. So you can see that Botox actually in Chinese [FOREIGN]. There are some Chinese actually fly to South Korea to have their cosmetic sort of treatment. And then remove the wrinkles, you appear younger. And indeed, one of the first Botox treatments was not for cosmetic purpose, but rather than for the helping of the patients. So here is a patient. She just could not open up her eyes. Okay? And it turns out that our eyes are controlled by six different muscles, okay? And those muscles are inerating by multi neurons. Okay, both and inhibitor neurons. In some patients, where the nerves might be damaged. For example, the inhibitor neurons becomes too excited. The inhibitor neurons are always When in the excited neuron. So in that condition, that you can know voluntary open you eyes because you cannot excite the muscle the inhibited neurons are too excited okay. You just inhibit a muscle so the muscle cannot helping to open your eyes. Okay, so for this poor lady every time he wants to see something she has to rely on her hands to open her eyes, right? This is only useful during your sleep, right? But other times this won't be very useful very inconvenient. And so rumor says actually one of the applications of using this Botox for cosmetic purpose was developed by a Canadian doctor. He's very smart in treating the patients using Botox because locally inject Botox into the muscle actually can relax loose muscle, relax loose muscle. So in that case, after injecting the muscle you are inhibit the transmitter release to that muscle. And you can more control this muscle. But when this Canadian Daughter according to the tale. He was treating a patient with one eye defect, meaning one eye, an old lady, one eye could not open efficiently, okay? So he invented this Botox, locally injecting this Botox is very toxic. Because it will inhibit all the transmitter release. So if you are inject more, and the Botox diffuses to your lungs, you cannot breathe. Your heartbeat might be stopping. So even though locally inject. Hyper-dosage is lethal, okay? So he injects this Botox into that old lady. And magically the old lady become Able to open her eyes. But because she only has one part of the eyes injected.
