In this neuroscience context, what I'm going to introduce to you is basically in the nervous system how our brain, spinal cord and peripheral nerves, they control and help our movements. So in other words there are all kinds of movements but we will now restrict to a certain type of movements that are very well controlled by the nervous system. I want to mention this one to you because I want to show you the next picture which is brain imaging. There are lot of things that we cannot do before. Now with advancement of technology and scientific methods, we are able to see that. Just now, one student mentioned that the blood vessel is changing. That can be used in our advantage to detect the movement. On the left-hand side it's a very nice figure taken from this paper, it's a classic paper. In that we looked at the blood enrichment in the areas that the brain is using. The fundamental principle is this. When our brain is using its function to do a certain type of job, that area needs more energy. It needs more oxygen, it needs more glucose and so on and so forth. Therefore as a functional support, our blood vessels delivers more blood to that area and that can be detected. So in that one red color means high flow of blood and high metabolism. So, in this experiment, it's very interesting. They put people in that imaging tube and they ask this, not a patient, just a normal, ordinary human being and then they ask the guy to do different tasks. The first one is hearing words. Upper left hand side. Just hearing, so we are going to read to him. Sky, cloud, flower, whatever. So this guy doesn't need to do anything except he's trying to listen to that and hear that. Now you see the brain area that's now being activated is indicated by reddish color. So it's some sort of this way, okay. We do another task, which is we show a board to him. On the board we have words, sky, cloud, whatever. So on the upper right hand corner, that's how his brain responds when he sees words. Seeing words activates brain area here, in the occipital lobe, [FOREIGN]. Okay. Then, we ask the guy to speak words, and that activates the middle part, the temporal parietal part. Then the fun thing is we asked them not to do anything externally not speaking, not seeing, not hearing, just thinking. Thinking about words. And guess what, the pre-frontal area is shooting up with more metabolic leveling. So that is one very very classic en vivo with a live human being in awake condition. One of the very best example that the brain, functionally, is divided into different areas. Now, in reality, when we are sitting in a classroom, or when I'm giving a lecture, I'm using all of them. I'm hearing your comments, I'm looking at you, I'm also thinking, I'm also reading from my slides. Now, the brain has areas that can function in different ways. But everything comes down a cellular culture, cellular level support.
