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4.04 Variance of a random variable

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Basic Statistics

University of Amsterdam

4.7 (2,292 ratings) | 150K Students Enrolled

Course 3 of 5 in the Methods and Statistics in Social Sciences Specialization

Understanding statistics is essential to understand research in the social and behavioral sciences. In this course you will learn the basics of statistics; not just how to calculate them, but also how to evaluate them. This course will also prepare you for the next course in the specialization - the course Inferential Statistics. In the first part of the course we will discuss methods of descriptive statistics. You will learn what cases and variables are and how you can compute measures of central tendency (mean, median and mode) and dispersion (standard deviation and variance). Next, we discuss how to assess relationships between variables, and we introduce the concepts correlation and regression. The second part of the course is concerned with the basics of probability: calculating probabilities, probability distributions and sampling distributions. You need to know about these things in order to understand how inferential statistics work. The third part of the course consists of an introduction to methods of inferential statistics - methods that help us decide whether the patterns we see in our data are strong enough to draw conclusions about the underlying population we are interested in. We will discuss confidence intervals and significance tests. You will not only learn about all these statistical concepts, you will also be trained to calculate and generate these statistics yourself using freely available statistical software.

Skills You'll Learn

Statistics, Confidence Interval, Statistical Hypothesis Testing, R Programming

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4.7 (2,292 ratings)

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DA

Aug 06, 2016

One of the best courses of statistics for the beginners. The concepts are well explained, the learning path well researched and above everything the R labs were ideal for the beginners.

XZ

Sep 01, 2019

This course can be challenging, but it is indeed a very useful course if you do not have any knowledge about statistics. R assignment is also useful for it saves time for calculation.

From the lesson

Probability Distributions

Probability distributions form the core of many statistical calculations. They are used as mathematical models to represent some random phenomenon and subsequently answer statistical questions about that phenomenon. This module starts by explaining the basic properties of a probability distribution, highlighting how it quantifies a random variable and also pointing out how it differs between discrete and continuous random variables. Subsequently the cumulative probability distribution is introduced and its properties and usage are explained as well. In a next lecture it is shown how a random variable with its associated probability distribution can be characterized by statistics like a mean and variance, just like observational data. The effects of changing random variables by multiplication or addition on these statistics are explained as well.The lecture thereafter introduces the normal distribution, starting by explaining its functional form and some general properties. Next, the basic usage of the normal distribution to calculate probabilities is explained. And in a final lecture the binomial distribution, an important probability distribution for discrete data, is introduced and further explained. By the end of this module you have covered quite some ground and have a solid basis to answer the most frequently encountered statistical questions. Importantly, the fundamental knowledge about probability distributions that is presented here will also provide a solid basis to learn about inferential statistics in the next modules.

4.03 The mean of a random variable4:35

4.04 Variance of a random variable6:53

Taught By

Matthijs Rooduijn
Dr.
Emiel van Loon
Assistant Professor

Transcript

After the mean, the second summary statistic you would like to know for a random variable is its variance as a measure of spread. In this video, I'll explain how the variance of a random variable is calculated and also what happens to that variance when adjusting it via addition, or multiplication, or when combining different random variables. The variance of a random variable X is defined as the expected value of the squared deviation of X from its mean mu. If you want to calculate it on the basis of a probability distribution, it's the sum, or integral, of the square difference between the values that the variable may take and its mean, times their probabilities. These are the equations for that calculation, for a continuous and a discrete random variable. Calculating the variance for a continuous random variable is difficult, because you would need to integrate this function. Therefore, a discrete random variable is less complex than it may seem. Let's take an example. This discrete distribution give the yearly risk that you'll get involved in a traffic accident. The mean risk is 0.04, once in 25 years. First, you calculate the difference between the mean and each number of accidents. Then you square these differences. Multiply them with the corresponding probabilities and finally, sum the result. The variance of the accident risk appears to be approximately 0.06. If you'd rather like to use the standard deviation to express the spread in a distribution, you can take the square root of the resulting variance. Now let's see what happens with the variance of the random variable when that variable would be adjusted by adding a value a and multiplying with a value b. When you enter this transformation in the equation defining the variance, the constant a disappears but the factor b has been squared. Hence, by adding, or subtracting, a value a to a random variable, its variance doesn't change. But when you multiply it with a random variable b, its variance becomes the original variance times b squared. The standard deviation, the square root of the variant, changes then with the factor b. Time for an example. Did it ever occur to you that on a bright sunny day, people you encounter are more likely to greet you than on a rainy, gray day? This is the distribution of nods or smiles you can expect per minute when walking in a busy city on a gray day. A mega average of 1.4 nods per minute with a variance of 0.84. Now at the same time of day and location in sunny weather, everyone seems to have become friendlier. Two times as friendly, to be specific. Here's the nod and greet distribution under sunny conditions. There is the same category of grumpy people who never nod. But for the rest, you expect up to six smiles or nods per minute. Theory tells that the average number of nods should become 2 times 1.4. So, 2.8. And the variance should go from 0.84 to four times that value, which is 3.36. Let's check this by calculating the variance for the new distribution. This table shows the steps. We take the difference between the mean and each number of smiles or nods, square the difference, multiply it with the probability, and then sum it. Indeed, 3.36. By the way, do you know the unit that goes with this variance value? It's the unit of the random variable squared. So we're talking about smiles squared here. Let's now consider what happens with the variance when two random variables are added or subtracted. For random variables X and Y, the variance of the sum is the sum of the separate variances plus two times the covariance between X and Y. And the variance of the difference is an even more curious equation. It is the sum of the variances minus the covariance between X and Y. These are more complete equations which include multiplication factors a and b for X and Y respectively. These equations apply to the situation where any two random variables are added or subtracted. And apparently, it requires you know the covariance between these two variables. Covariance information is often not available and therefore we will not consider the general situation here, but rather a more restricted case, where the variables are not correlated. That's a lot simpler, because the covariance between uncorrelated random variables is 0. And these terms disappear from the equation. So in this case, it doesn't matter anymore whether you add or subtract variables. The resulting variance is always the sum of the separate variances. And you can moreover generalize the equation to any sum of random variables. Another noteworthy aspect, is that the standard deviation of the resulting sum of random variables is always smaller than the sum of the standard deviations for the separate random variables. It makes sense, some variability will cancel out when random variables are combined. Let me summarize what I've explained in this video. The variance of a random variable is the sum, or integral, of the square difference between the values that the variable may take and its mean, times their probabilities. Adding a constant to a random variable doesn't change its variance. But multiplication with a constant leads to multiplication of the variance with the squared constant. The variance of several uncorrelated random variables that are added or subtracted is the sum of the variances. Mind you, this only applies to uncorrelated random variables. The standard deviation is the square root of the variance, so to get the standard deviation after manipulating a random variable, you first determine the adjusted variance and then take the square root.

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