Hello everyone, welcome to Big Data and Language. Last time we've examined about the four features of spoken data, and today we will learn about more features of spoken data. So are you ready? Let's get started. Okay. So the today's the first feature and actually the fifth features, feature of the whole spoken text as backchannels. Listeners may show that the speaker show to the speaker that, they are listening and understanding. So they want to say, mmm, yeah. So those kind of thing we can categorize as backchannels. So usually that one is placed at the end of the clause. If you don't know what the clause means, then don't worry about it I will explain more later in week three. So now you might notice that, in order to analyze the linguistic features in the text data, you need to know some terminologies in linguistics. So I will explain more of the terminologies in week three, so don't worry if you don't know what clause is, or what phrase is, I will explain more in week three. These are the backchannels called backchannels and also the minimal responses. So let me give you an example. So for example, after you've added an egg and it's good whisk, so be showing that you are listening, and showing the very short the minimal response, and then add a flour bit by bit. So again be showing that I'm understand, I'm following you, and a said it's important not to add all the flour at once, and be said right. So be also showing that I am following the speaker A, and I said, if you do that, it will go lumpy. So also this one is a minimal response, backchannel showing that the B is following and understanding what A says. Now let's move to the second spoke of features of this lecture which is clause combining. Let me explain the briefly about the clause, I'm going to explain more about that in week three, but if you are not sure and what a clause means, a clause has at least one subject, and one verb. For example, I am teaching. I is our subject, and am teaching is a verb. So I am teaching, and also if I say, I am eating, so I is subject and am eating is verb, or he taught English. So he is subject, and taught is verb. So in one clause, at least one subject, and one verb. So clause combining. That means more than one clause comes together in one sentence. This one happen a lot in the conversation. So when those people, speaking people are speaking spontaneously, people do not usually have time to combine their clauses in the various ways that they might use in writing. So for example, in the writing, we will talk about the features in writing data, written data later, but usually think about the writing. When you write your research paper you might want to say blah blah blah sentence, in addition comma, another one like similar ideas, or if you want to express any opposite idea, on the other hand comma, something like that. But think about your conversation, you may not use in addition or on the other hand, those kind of transitional words a lot. Instead, you might want to use other transition signals such as, and or but. So the most frequent conjunction in spoken English is and. I was like, "What did you do yesterday?" Then if someone asks you what you did a lot yesterday, you might want to say, "Oh yeah, I went to the library to prepare my exam and I just stopped by the cafe to get some coffee, and then after that I just came back to the dormitory, and went to bed". So something like that like. So you notice that I have a lot of and, and, and and. So this and, is the most frequently used conjunctions, but not only and, you also want to use like, so and but. These are frequent conjunctions as well, and let's move to the example. So Gym and Anna's conversation. Gym said," So what's your plan for this summer?", and Anna said, "oh, we plan to go to Korea in June" and Gym said, "Really? Where are you going to visit?, and Anna said, "We will first arrive at Incheon airport and we spent some days around the Incheon city and will will go to Busan to see the cultural village and the beach, and finally we will visit Seoul for shopping". So you will see that a lot of clauses combined together in one sentence. The first clause is, we will first arrive at Incheon airport. Again, the clause is one, at least one subject and one verb. So we subject, will arrive, this one is a verb. Once Anna finishes her first sentence, and she used and, the coordinating conjunction and putting the second clause which is, we spent some days around the Incheon city, and another and, and studying the third clause, we will go to Busan to see the cultural village and the beach. Again, another and, and putting the last clause, we visit Seoul for shopping. So we subject, and visit verb. So you will see that even in one sentence like how many clauses, four clauses are combined. So this clause combining is a very common feature in the conversation. Why we are using these clause combining? Because we have probably the limited of time and we don't want to pause during our conversation. So that's why you want to keep saying that and continually what you want to say. So now let's move to the next feature of spoken data. The next feature is, conversational historical present. When people are talking about something like specific event, that already happened in the past. However, the verbs are usually like in the written data, in the definitely using the past tenses however, in the conversation people are sometimes use present tense, instead of the past-tense. Then what will be the purpose? Why people using present tense instead of the past-tense, even though they are describing the events that already happened in the past. The reason is, make the discourse more lively and more involving, because the events are presented as if they were actually happening right now. Yes it's more like active. When a present tense verb refers to a past-tense event, the tense is termed the conversational historical event present. So let me give you an example. How was your trip to Korea? let's use to the previous example, Then he, the speaker might want to say, "my trip is amazing like we're going to Busan and we are eating really delicious seafood, and now and then we are actually in Seoul and we are having a great time in Gyeongbok palace". Even though, you are describing your trip that already happened in the past, but the speaker keep using that, we are eating, we are having and we are going, that's kind of present tense showing that event. The trip to Korea is more vividly and more lively. So now let's move to the next spoke of feature which is Deixis. So when they are speaking, then the people are making the conversation, then think about which noun or which word we use a lot. We might use a lot subject I, or you. How was your trip? Your, your. You means listener, and I was so good and there we are I and we are eating seafood, so we I, this one is me, and also we use a lot of here and there. For example, like I am here, so that if I pointed the different place then we can say there. But if I am there and showing them where then also like, when I'm sitting and standing the the other place, then this place is there. So depending on where I am, the definition of here and there, they are different, and depending on the situation, like if I am the speaker, then I probably say I a lot, and you, is the listener. However, in the conversation. When the listener time to speak something then, the listener also say like, I something something and you. So depending on the situation Deixis, I and the meaning of I, who I is, and who you are, they are deaf different. Okay. So today we've talked about four different and other different features of spoken data, and this is not the end of the features of spoken data. So let me give you one more lecture about the spoken data in the next lecture. Thank you for your listening.
