Hello everyone. Welcome to Big Data and Language. So far, we've learned about many types of parts of speech, but this is not the end. I have more parts of speech to introduce. So are you ready? Let's get started. This time, I want to introduce conjunctions. Conjunctions connect words, phrases, or clauses like joined twins. So for example, you and I. So this and is connected you and I, so you and I, and is conjunction. That one connected not only word, also phrases as well. So I was studying for two hours and John was dancing for two hours, for example. Then in that case, I was studying, this one is a one clause, and John was dancing, this one is another clause. So and actually connects two different clauses. So let's talk about conjunctions little bit more. The conjunctions could be coordinating, which means equal rank items. So examples are for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so. So let me give you more examples of coordinating conjunctions. Coordinating conjunctions join two or more simple sentences, so independent clauses into one compound sentence. Put a comma after the first simple sentence in a compound sentence before the coordinating conjunction. Let me give you an example. So the first sentence is I care about the environment, and the second sentence is I precycle as much as possible. So if you want to combine these two sentences together as one sentence, we can say that, I care about the environment, so I precycle as much as possible. We can combine these two sentences as one with coordinating conjunction so. So in this case, because you combine two sentences, you need to add comma before the second clause. So I care about the environment, comma, so I precycled as much as possible. Then, not only coordinating conjunctions, coordinating conjunctions, two clauses are equally weighted. However, we have another type of conjunctions we call subordinating conjunctions. So in this time, the subordinating conjunctions for dependent clauses. So examples are after, although, as, as if, because, before, if, once, since, so that, then, that, unless, until, when, where, while. There are so many different types of subordinating conjunctions. So let's look at more in detail. The subordinating conjunctions join an independent clause and a dependent clause in one complex sentence. So the dependent clauses can come before or after an independent clause, but we need to use comma when a dependent clause comes before an independent clause. So let me give you an example. Because recycling causes pollution, precycling is better for the environment. So we have two different clauses, one is recycling causes pollution, and the second clause is precycling is better for environment. So these two clauses are connected with the subordinating conjunction because. What is the main clause? Because recycling causes pollution or precycling is better for the environment? The main clause, we call it independent clause, independent clause is precycling is better for the environment. So if the dependent clause comes first, then we need a comma before the independent clause. Because recycling causes pollution, comma, precycling is better for the environment. You can actually use the different orders such as, Precycling is better for the environment because recycling causes pollution. So in this case, precycling is better for the environment, this independent clause comes first, and the dependent clause, because recycling causes pollution later, in this case, no comma is needed. Now, let's talk about Cause/Effect transition signals. Here is a chart that shows some of the transition signals that you can use to express cause and effect. So you can use such as for, because, since, as, because of, due to, as a result of. There is another conjunctions such as so when you want to show the effect. So depending on when you want to show the cause or when you want to show the effect, you can use different conjunctions. So it's really depending on the syntax level, whether you can call it a coordinating conjunction, if the two clauses are equally weighted or if one is bigger or heavier than the other, then you can use subordinating conjunctions such as because, since, as. Also, another conjunctions are relative conjunctions. So relative conjunctions are pair items such as both A and B, or either A or B, or neither A nor B. In addition to conjunctions, relatively pronouns, and adverbial conjunctives, and prepositions are called connectives. So there are different terminologies that you can use depending on your research question or the purpose of your research. Now, let's move to introductions. Introductions express emotion. So for example, gosh, wow, super, usually with exclamation mark. Interjections ignites the message with an exclamation of emotion, so it shows the emotion. You can use the words or expressions such as darn it. That is more than one word. Introductions can stand alone or be part of a sentence. For example, Yes, it's me. Then in that case, yes, it's actually come with another sentence, it's me. But you can also say, oh. So that one is just the interjection itself. Amazingly, only eight parts of speech are used to classify hundreds of thousands of words. The challenge is that many words can be used more than one part of speech. Let me give you an example. We have a word yes. But depending on the usage or uses in a sentence, we can define sometimes as a noun, verb, adjectives, adverbs, or introduction. So let me give you an example. For example, I need a simple yes or no to my question. So in this case, a simple yes, simple is adjective. So adjective modify what? A noun. In this case, yes is a noun. But surprisingly, I will give you another example. Another example is the sentence, Cast a yes vote. So in this case, yes modify vote, the noun. So yes is used as an adjective. Good. Not only this, I will give you another sentence including yes. This time, I voted yes. So this one we are using yes to modify voted. So in this case, using as adverb. You can say just, Yes. So in this case, this yes is used as interjection. So even though we have the same yes, Y-E-S, but depending on the usage in a sentence, sometimes, we can identify as noun, adjective, adverb, or interjection, so it could vary. So today, we've talked about another part of speech and next time, I will give you and finish the parts of speech. Thank you for your attention.
