[MUSIC] Rural reform or reform in general also had a very big impact on rural income. And the comparison when we compare urban and rural income, we can see a significant change. The gap that had existed before really decreased significantly, so that between 1978 and 1984, rural incomes rose by 12% annually, while urban incomes rose only 6.5% annually over that period. Now, that didn't last, so in some sense it was a shorter term boost. Because in 1984, the state started to pay more attention to urban industrial reform, that begins a period of urban reform. And they allowed the prices of consumer and industrial goods to go up to stimulate the urban economy, but that also meant that urban income's went up, worker's incomes went up and so without rural incomes going up as fast. So that by 1994, urban rural income gap was greater than it was on the eve of the rural reform back in 1978. And this bar chart I think, clearly shows the fact that in the early period of reform from '78 to '84, the rural areas do do remarkably well. Right? The annual growth rate was 12% a year above 12% a year. And here we can see that the urban growth rate was just above 6% a year. So it's just about double. But then by '85 As I mentioned, when the emphasis turns to urban reform, then we see that the rural areas' incomes just do not grow as fast as the urban areas'. And this continues right through 1994, where the urban growth rate is faster than the rural income growth rates. Nevertheless, what we do see over this whole period is a remarkable decrease in poverty. And when people talk about sort of the major contribution of the Communist Party, the Reform Era, Dung Chow Ping, all those kinds of things. The importance of the economic reform versus political reform, this is one of the key factors that everybody focuses on. Which is just the simple fact that between 1978 and 1995, the number of people living under the national poverty line decreased from 270 million to 70 million. And by 2004 it was down to 30 million. So, that by 1997, nominal GDP per capita reached US dollars 860, so that the World Bank in fact reclassified China from a low-income group to a lower middle income group. And by 2003, the nominal GDP per capita had actually gone up to a thousand US dollars per person. And so we can see again visually, this bar chart shows you the remarkable decline, this remarkable decline in the amount of people who are under China's national poverty line between 1978 And 2005. It's just really quite remarkable.