[MUSIC] Right now, we'll move to industrial organization of first movie studios, how finally they have been organized. What kind of content they produced and how? Of course, the model which has been used was the model of technological dependence. First moviemakers were industrially dependent on device manufacturers. It was the first model. Edison, Lumieres, etc., produced films with his own technical employees and his own technical equipment, and it was their first job. The first job of Thomas Edison was not to film the movie. And the first job of Thomas Edison wasn't to make the performance. The first job of Thomas Edison was to invent the devices. The first job of brothers Lumieres was to make the film, the photo film. So of course, such people can't be, during a long time, the drivers of the cinema. And of course, after the first 2,000 years, there has been, we'll say, removed to the periphery of the move making. Just because the new companies, major companies, the companies with their artist production, etc., came to the power. Of course, in France, was the two major companies such as Pathe and Gaumont, which manufactured it and sold it, and rented some equipment to demonstrate the movies, to make films, some cameras, etc. So it means that during the first time the first aesthetic forms was quite primitive, just because they was invented by the devices manufacturer. And progressively during some period of time, the new producers and new people which experimented with these aesthetics started to drive the film industry, to drive the new way of doing film, to drive the new aesthetic of the film. So at the first period, the content production was not considered as a separate business in this model, it was considered just as a fun. And the devices was considered just as the main production. And during progressively few dozen years, we can observe how finally this model has been removed. And the new model where the content is king, content is much more important than devices, which are used to this content. And the selling of the contents, selling of movies, selling of blockbusters in the second half of 20th century, became much more important than selling of the, well, say, film movie, filming and movie-making equipment. Now, of course, another peculiarity was the star system. The system of stars, the star system, which gained popularity during the classic Hollywood era and the film became relatively long. And where the plot became relatively complicated. And where it became possible to divide the roles on the role of this first plan, and then the secondary roles. And of course, the people played in the movies, some of them has been make as the stars has been promoted as the stars. And star system led to the studio system, which studio is known by its own actors, scriptwriters, but especially producers. And of course, particular studios has been associated with particular actors and particular producers, which became stars of such studios of such measures. Of course, after the first World War, the center of the movie industry is moving from France, especially from Pathe and Gaumont companies, to the United States where the classic system of studios are growing progressively. And the Edison Studios created Motion Picture Patent Company in order to control the distribution and production of movies. And other major companies, such as Warner Brothers, such as Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer etc, started to proliferate in the market. And we can observe the particular large scale market of local stars and actors that could be employed, which started to be developed, especially in particular areas and especially in Hollywood. Of course, such changes was also caused by the changes in the structure of demonstration. In the beginning of the 1930s, the new form of demonstration of movies has been invented, two movies for one session. First movie was shorter than the other, first movie was usually a documentary or movie news. And even during the second World War, some movie sciences started with some news from war places. And in the 1920s, all overture, introductions, which came from musical culture, etc, were progressively removed, disappearing. And then, the intermission during the film was disappearing. And finally there, we can observe the development of the particular film consuming culture, which has been accompanied by producing snacks, peculiar for theatrical demonstration, pop-corn snack, or particular cheap snack, etc, etc. So particular snacks, especially to be distributed in movie theaters. And of course, it's created the particular culture of consumed films. So films were no longer demonstrated in music halls. Theaters, such as Broadway theaters, they became separate practices, separate movie theaters, and occupies a separate building. And of course, it proliferated the mass, we'll say, frequentation, the mass consumption of the movie, which became one of the most mass culture, mass consumption of the cultural industries. In 1935, we can see, finally, the period where the whole industrial structure of Hollywood companies was formed. And was created to alliances or to non-formal alliances, as we call. First was one, the so-called Big five. Big five was a united five companies, and the united companies from Hollywood which controlled those stages of industrial production, production of films, distribution of films, and possess their own theatrical chains, theatrical demonstration facilities. It was Warner Brothers, it was Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer, XX Century Fox, and RKO. And the second was the so-called Little three. It was the companies without their own theatrical chains, but which controlled the production and the distribution. They were Universal, Columbia and United artists. Of course, some of such companies was disappearing in the second half of 20th century. For example, Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer, during the second half of 20th century, became one of the company inside a big conglomerate of production owned by Sony Entertainment. And finally, some of such big Hollywood producers, big Hollywood majors in the second half of 20th Century has been able to adopt in new ways of production. [MUSIC]
