[MUSIC] In this lesson on the impact of the digital thread on the production process, we're going to focus on the concept of digital work instructions. In a manufacturing environment, work instructions present a sequence of steps that describe how to perform a production activity. These instructions are typically created by supervisors or engineers, and put into practice by technicians on the shop floor. Aside from guiding the execution of day-to-day tasks, these work instructions serve as a reference for training people on tasks that may need to be performed on a frequent basis. Traditionally, the approach to work instructions flow on the shop floor has been a one way flow of information, resulting in significant tribal knowledge or specialized information that is resident in the minds of just a few experts. As a result, any task that ends up requiring rework can require multiple consultations. Assistance may need to be sought from others on the shop floor and from those with access to the data in the design process. In terms of distributing work instructions, traditionally manufacturers have posted physical copies of work constructions on the shop floor. As a result, this is still a one way flow of information, capturing any modifications that shop floor technicians might need to make to actually produce products can be very difficult. Additionally, relevant information needed to support reworked tasks is often not available at the work location. In other words, it's not on the shop floor. This means that workers need to leave the shop floor to access data or to conduct an expert consultation, reducing productivity. Digital work instructions seek to address many of the shortcomings of the traditional approach to work instructions by using the digital thread. The term digital work instructions refers to computerized manuals that are created to instruct or share information with shop floor workers to perform their tasks efficiently. Often, digital work instructions make use of 3D models of parts, information about tools, and product and other manufacturing information that is available in the design files. Some digital work instruction implementations have an interactive interface that can even allow workers to play animated sequences and browse through a sequential list of steps that are to be performed for each job order. Finally, an emerging model of digital work instructions, exemplified by Lightguide, uses a combination of projectors and computer vision systems to create an augmented reality environment that can track and recommend next steps to the worker. Please take a moment and watch this video about digital work instructions. And keep in mind how they can fit into the context of the digital thread. Reflecting on the video, we can keep in mind the benefits of digital work instructions. Increased productivity by reducing downtime. More complete communication, which is especially important for process changes, when governmental regulations are concerned. Shorter times for production process launches for new products. Digital work instructions make it easier to update and share new instructions consistently with multiple locations. The risk of nonconformance, or having multiple sets of instructions in circulation, is reduced when using digital work instructions. A transformative aspect of digital work instructions is that the work instructions are now not a one way transmission of information. They can be very interactive and engaging to the worker, to provide more information about the tasks that they will be performing Digital work instructions are not new. In the mid 1980s, Raytheon Missile Systems in Tucson, Arizona, pioneered the concept by putting over a 1,000 terminals in place. Since that time, there have been a number of facilities that have implemented digital work instructions. And multiple commercial offerings have emerged that include EASE, Enterprise WinSequence, Dozuki, Lightguide and Visual Factory. The Digital Manufacturing and Design Innovation Institute has two active projects using augmented reality for digital work instructions. One for large organizations, developed in partnership with Boeing and Dier. And the second project focusing on the use of digital work instructions at SMEs. Links to the DMDI project pages and videos for additional exploration are provided in the resources section of this module.