Everyone knows that energy is essential for sustaining life. How can you define energy in life? Have ever thought about ways of how carbohydrates like glucose from your diet can be used for extracting energy? A scientific field that focuses on energy production and flow though living cells and organisms is called bioenergetics. Energy metabolism covers various biochemical ways of energy transformation and regulatory mechanisms of over thousands chemical reactions. Without fine control of those metabolic processes, cells and organisms cannot maintain activities linked to life. This 7 week-course will give you a clear introduction to the basic fundamentals of energy metabolism. We will first establish the concept of energy metabolism and subsequently examine biochemical steps involved in energy production from glucose oxdiation as well as glucose synthesis via photosynthesis. We will also learn about metabolic reactions related to fat as well as regulatory actions among different organs. Finally, dysregulated energy metabolism in pathological conditions such as diabetes and cancer will be discussed. Everyone knows that energy is essential for sustaining life. How can you define energy in life? Have ever thought about ways of how carbohydrates like glucose from your diet can be used for extracting energy? A scientific field that focuses on energy production and flow though living cells and organisms is called bioenergetics. Energy metabolism covers various biochemical ways of energy transformation and regulation of thousands of chemical reactions. Without fine regulation of those metabolic processes, cells and organisms cannot maintain activities linked to life. This 7 week-course will give you a clear introduction to the basic fundamentals of energy metabolism. We will first establish the concept of energy metabolism and subsequently examine biochemical processes involved in energy production as well as photosynthesis. We will also learn about metabolic reactions related to fa as well as regulatory actions among different organs. Finally, dysregulated energy metabolism in pathological conditions such as diabetes and cancer will be discussed.
4. What is diabetes? -1
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From the course by Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology
Biochemical Principles of Energy Metabolism
25 ratings
Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology
25 ratings
From the lesson
MODULE 6: Glucose energy homeostasis and diabetes
Meet the Instructors
Seyun KimAssistant Professor
Department of Biological Sciences
[MUSIC]
Hello, everyone.
Welcome back to my Coursera class,
Biochemical Principles of Energy Metabolism.
This is session four, week six.
This session and following session.
Sessions four and five are about diabetes.
One of the major metabolic disturbances related to biogenics.
So let's begin with the definition of diabetes.
Diabetes mellitus, so-called DM and this is simply referred to as diabetes.
So this is a group of metabolic diseases in particular,
associated with the chronic high blood glucose levels.
This blood glucose level,
high levels of blood glucose maintained for long time chronically.
This is diabetes mellitus.
The symptoms, frequent urination and increased thirst and hunger.
And this metabolic disease, the main
reason for why this disease is such a devastating one.
Because many medical complications are associated with diabetes mellitus.
So diabetic ketoacidosis and diabetic retinopathy,
that means this cause finally blindness.
And then many cardiovascular problems and even stroke and
the kidney failure or in severe cases coma, or
even death in particular diabetic ketoacidosis.
And in many terminal stage of diabetes,
patients they lose limb structure, foot, or hands and fingers.
Because of the high levels of blood sugar that
results in the glucose toxicity of many neurons and
peripheral tissues are not happy.
Simply speaking, they cannot survive of those high blood glucose levels.
There is a biochemical and cell biological like problems of toxicity,
so-called glucotoxicity.
High levels of glucose can be very,
very toxic to peripheral tissues and cells.
So this diagram is showing the main symptoms of diabetes.
Eye problems, brain and the cardiovascular problems and
respiratory, urination is really a devastating disease.
So let me further introduce the importance of diabetes and it's time to classify.
So diabetes develops in two cases, mainly.
Number one is when your body cannot synthesize enough insulin or
your cells, when they cannot respond appropriately to the insulin.
There are two cases, number one and number two.
So as of 2015, estimated roughly 415
million people suffering from the diabetes and
particular type two diabetes.
I'm going to explain type two diabetes is global cost
diabetes in 2014 is just estimated US $612 billion.
It's a really, really devastating disease and
this disease cost a lot of money for
the treatment and management.
There are two, types type one and type two.
Type one is pancreatic beta cells cannot produce enough insulin.
In many cases, this is like autoimmune based.
So the patients own cells, immune cells can attack and
destroy pancreatic beta cells.
So you have insulin connectors secreted, cannot be made and secreted.
So extra insulin supposed to be supplied through the injections and
the type two is the most common type of diabetes mellitus.
This is associated with very, very important medical condition.
Insulin resistance, which is defined by like this.
Peripheral cells, they cannot properly respond to insulin.
Insulin resistance associated with type two diabetes,
the most common type and the main factors to drive
this type two diabetes is nutrient overload and
obesity and modern lifestyle like lack of exercise.
More simply, we just sit on the chair for
a long time in our lifestyle in the modern society.
Drive this, the onset of type two two diabetes and
the third case is a little bit unique.
Pregnant women can have gestational diabetes.
Roughly 2 to 10% of pregnant women actually
are suffering from the high blood glucose level.
And in many cases, after delivery.
I mean, when they deliver their babies and
then the symptoms in many cases are reduced.
So the total estimated death related to type two diabetes and
even type one diabetes mellitus in 2012, one example per million persons.
This is heat map,
many areas actually in the world.
The diabetes mellitus can lead to the severe death.
We have to care about the management and treatment of this disease,
metabolic disease.
So I'm going to focus on type two diabetes.
Because type one diabetes, the cause is very clear.
The pancreatic beta cells, genetically that they cannot properly developed or
through out this autoimmune condition pancreatic beta cells are destroyed.
So synthesis of insulin can be blocked.
In type two diabetes is associated with insulin resistance.
So insulin receptor signaling, we studied about this in the previous session.
Actually, impaired peripheral tissues.
Even though insulin levels are okay in the very beginning, but
peripheral tissues, the insulin receptor and
downstream signaling cannot properly trigger the glucose uptake and
relate it on insulin remediated by a chemical event.
So these target cells are insulin resistant and this is the main situation,
strongly and highly linked to type two diabetes.
So insulin resistance as I said, a pathological condition
in which the peripheral cells cannot properly respond to insulin hormone.
So in this case, pancreatic beta cells, they can't, even though, I mean,
beta cells can secrete insulin in the very beginning like a regular situation.
The thing is peripheral cells, they become resistant to the insulin.
So in that case, glucose uptake will be inhibited.
It's not going to be normal.
So high levels of blood glucose can be manifested.
And during this initial stage, pancreatic beta cells,
they are quite active in producing more insulin.
Because peripheral tissues, their insulin sensitivity is not that good.
So right up pancreatic beta cells, they're trying to synthesized and
produce more insulin.
However, under the chronic insulin resistance situation.
Finally, pancreatic beta cells too much stressed out
about the huge amount of insulin secretion and
they become malfunctional in the later stage of type two diabetes.
So finally, pancreatic beta cells becomes the failure state.
So the thing is the people who are eventually developing type two diabetes,
actually, the only stage of insulin resistance symptoms and
prediabetic symptoms cannot be clearly diagnosed.
This is one of main concerns in the treatment of type two diabetic patients.
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