Adverb clauses of time and place. In the next group of videos, we'll look at the meaning and use of some common subordinating conjunctions. In this video, we'll look at just nine of the many subordinating conjunctions of time, and we'll learn about the conjunctions of place. One quick note before we begin. In the following videos I'll mostly show you complex sentences that look like this with a dependent clause first. However, with most of the subordinating conjunctions we can just as easily put the independent clause first. It's just a matter of personal preference. If an adverb clause starts with a time subordinator, we often call it a time clause. First, we'll look at before and after. In the dinner party video first, Emily tells us her worries about Jake. Next, Jake arrives. Before Jake arrives, Emily tells us about her. Notice in the before time clause, we have the second action, and in the independent clause we have the first action. However, it's the opposite with after. After Emily tells us about Jake, she arrives. Here, the time clause has the first action, and the independent clause has the second action. When means at the time. In the video, at the time that Jake arrives Emily asks her to get some rice. When Jake arrives Emily asks her to get some rice. The first action arrives, goes with when. The second action asks, goes in the independent clause. We could also say, when Jake agrees, Emily gives her the bowl. Again, when goes with the first action, and the second action goes in the independent clause. While and as mean during that time. These are for actions that happen at the same time. For example, in the video, Emily is cooking at the same time that Jake is counting grains of rice. We can say while Emily cooks, Jake counts the grains of rice. While can go with either action like this, Jake counts the grains of rice while Emily cooks. Notice we can also use as in the same way. As soon as and once are two subordinators that mean soon after. In the video when Jake finishes counting out the rice, she hands the rice to Emily. Soon after that, Emily looks at Jake incredulously, that means she can't believe what she is seeing. We could say, as soon as Jake hands the rice over, Emily looks at her incredulously. Or we could use, once in the place of as soon as, they mean the same thing. Note that with as soon as and once, the two actions happen very close together in time. Finally, until or till, means to that time and no longer. For example, after Jake gives Emily the rice, Emily looks annoyed at Jake. However, when she thinks of a new task for Jake, she stops looking annoyed. Until she thinks of a new task for Jake, Emily looks annoyed. Put the second action, the stopping point, with until, and put the first action, looks annoyed, in the independent clause. This means, then, she no longer looks annoyed. Looking annoyed stopped with thinking of a new task. You can also say, till in place of until, but this is very casual and is usually used only in speaking. These are just a few of the common subordinating conjunctions that we use in time clauses. One quick note about future time clauses. Look at these two sentences. When the guests see Jake's pie, they'll be surprised. After the guests eat Jake's cooking, they will probably regret it. Both of these situations talk about the future, after the guests arrive. You can see these future verbs, will be and will regret. However, look at the verbs in the time clauses, they aren't future. That's because we only use present tense in a future time clause, even if the situation is happening in the future. Think of a future time clause as a present, use the present tense. Here's a table with all of the information on time clauses from this video. You may want to pause to read it, to take notes, or to take a picture. Now, let's talk about subordinating conjunctions of place. These are fairly simple. Let's start with where. Emily wants Jake to go where she can't cause confusion. Here, where means at, in, or to the place. Notice that because this is an adverb clause, we would use a subject and a verb after, in that order. Don't get confused with where in a question. Notice the question mark, here the verb comes first and then the subject. Don't do this in an adjective clause. Wherever Jake goes, confusion follows. In this sentence, wherever is a conjunction that means to, or in all places, or any place. Everywhere can also be used the same way such as, everywhere Jake goes, confusion follows. In the next video we'll practice together with these types of adverb clauses. Stay tuned.
