Greetings everyone. In this presentation we will continue to talk about the design process. Now we have seen this representation of the design process. It's ambiguous in the beginning, it flatlines towards the end. And there is a series of phases that we can go through, that give some structure to the overall process. So what we'll do today is we'll talk about each one of these phases one by one. All right, phase 1. So the phase 1 essentially is identifying problems. In any environment, in any situation, before the design process starts, it's critical that people go in and understand what exactly is happening. What are some of the problems? What are some of the situations that are not working well? And identifying those issues to take on to solve the problems. so we'll talked about a case study throughout this presentation. I'll talk about a project that some of my students and I did at Arizona State University and what we did in this project was looked at the hospital environment which you see in this photograph here is a patient room. And this is pretty typical for a patient room. There's a bed, there's some equipment in the room. There's a window, there's a door. There's a bathroom. So, all of these are the situations which exist in the environment or the patient room. So, what the students and I did was, what kinds of problems can be identified in a space like this to come up with better solutions for it? That essentially is phase 1. So once you identify the situation answer with the problems, phase 2 is essentially is about getting into the process of gathering information. You want to try and collect as much information as you can about the specific context, about the specific environment so that you are well-informed as you start coming up with your solutions. So, in this case for this project, what the students did was they went into a hospital. They looked at the nurse's station as what you see in this photograph, where nurses spend time discussing problems, where they do their paperwork, where they enter things on the computer. But this is where nurses interact with each other, discuss the patients, so the students went into this environment. They talked to nurses, they interviewed them, they followed them, they observed how to do their work, essentially as a means of collecting data. This is one form of collecting information. You can also collect information by doing secondary research or what's called looking into books, journals, articles, magazines to get as much as information about what's already written about the problems that you might be solving. Students also looked at how nurses were keeping records. How do they keep records of all the patients that they are looking at? How are they managing all this information? So phase 2 essentially involves collecting as much information as you can about the problem that is being solved. Phase 3 is about analysis. It's called Capturing Insights. So once you look at all the information, once you gather all this information about the nurse, about the patients, about the systems, about the processes of the hospital, how can we draw some insight? How can we analyze all that data, all that information, so that we can use that information to come up with design solutions. Very often, what happens in this process is the creation of diagrams, the creation of visual representations of the process. So for example what you see here is an activity which involves a nurse checking in on a patient. So it's starts for example, it starts over here and this is how the process unfold. This is how the nurse goes about checking on a patient. So step one is the nurse checks on the status, the nurse might discover that she needs to get more drugs. Need to changes bandages, that could happen. Step two checking on their tubes, what is the patient connected to and what might I need to check as a nurse? There might be some IVs that need to be checked, changing some of the tubes. Step three is taking the patient to the bathroom, so what you see here is called an activity model. This model gives you a sense for what does a nurse have to go through in this process of taking care of the patient? And then eventually this helps us discover pin points, so what does a nurse struggle with in this process? What can we do to help him or her in the process of improving this process of taking care of the patient? So this is really useful as a form of developing insights for the problem. Another example, this is also an insights gathering process. So the patients have a certain set of needs, they have some frustrations, and there are somethings that influence what they do. For example, one might discover that some of the key things that a patient needs is the need to rest and the need to heal. They are in the hospital for that reason. But they might just discover that the treatment is slow or the environment in hospital is very noisy. So here are certain things that are the pain points. These are the problems that the patients face. Things to keep in mind. What influences the patient's healing process? What influences their experience in the hospital? Clearly the medical staff, the environment of the patient rooms. So can we redesign the environment to make it a better experience? So this again, these are insights that we can use to start the process of design. Another example, this is an example where if a patient, who you see here, has some sort of situation at home, right they are at home. They have some sort of an accident, or they maybe have a cardiac arrest. What happens? Well, they call the Emergency Services. Emergency Services dispatch either a helicopter or an ambulance, that is sent to the home. The process unfold, what happens is, the caller dispatches somebody to your home. They then take them to the hospital, they're checked into the hospital, the EMT has to fill out some sort of paperwork. So what you see in this diagram is the step by step process of what happens when a patient has a problem. They call Emergency Services, they show up and they take the patient into the hospital, right? And each step along the way is full of issues that we can solve, full of problems that can be taken care of. So these again are quick diagrams that show how do you capture insights in phase 3. Phase 4, now you have information, you have data, you have analysis. Phase 4 is about coming up with ideas how do we generate new ideas to solve the problems that were discovered in phases 1, 2 and 3. There are several techniques of coming up with ideas, one of the techniques is referred to as brain storming. And what you see here in this photograph, is some students at Arizona State University doing brain storming. Very often in the process of brain storming we use little sticky notes. A question is posed. For example, a question could be how can we transfer patients easily and effortlessly from the ambulance into the hospital or from somebody's home into the ambulance? This could be a question. People who are involved in the brainstorming come up with ideas. They write them down on the sticky notes, and put them up on the wall. We collect all these ideas to see which are the better ideas that we can then select and move forward with in the next phase. We can write down these ideas on the sticky notes or we can draw them out. We encourage students, we encourage people who are involved in brainstorming, to do both. Write down some of the ideas and draw some of them out as well. Once these ideas are put on this piece of paper, we start collecting them, we find which ones are more promising, and then start sketching them out, start drawing them out. What you see here in this case are some of the drawings that are done in the design process. For example, what you see in the top-left in this image here, is a design for a gurney, something that'll help transfer a patient. One of the problems that we discovered was that it's difficult to keep patients stable inside this gurney, in this stretcher. So what you see here, these things, this section is actually an inflatable device. It sits around the patient, you put air into it, and that air fills up these bladders and keeps the patient stable, right? This is one example, one idea for a gurney that'll keep patients stable. You see some other ideas here. This is a new sort of an IV system. Patients in the hospital often need intravenous injections, they need fluids to be passed into their body. Very often it's on a big IV pole, but this is a more portable form of an IV pole that does not require any sort of assistive device to go with it. It's put on the hand and it actually eliminates the need for any freestanding pole device. So these are just a few examples of some of the solutions, some of the sketches that could be solving problems that were discovered. This is yet another sketch. This is a patient transfer system within the hospital. There is an increasing problem in America with obesity. There are patients who are fairly heavy. In order to make sure that they can be moved safely for the nurse, as well as for the patient this is a gurney system that actually attaches to the patient, and is able to move the patient in the room. Some more examples, this is again another form of patient transfer. You have a system here that comes close to the bed, and you transfer the patient from the gurney onto the bed. It also slides open so one section goes this way, one section goes this way and you can take it out from underneath the patient. Again, a simple way to transfer a patient. So these are some of the processes, the writing of ideas, brainstorming with sticky notes, sketching ideas out, these are forms of idea generation. So now once you have a series of ideas, lots and lots of concepts. The next step is to start selecting some other concepts. So, in this case what the students did was they selected three concepts to explore little bit further before settling down on one specific concept. One of the ideas that they've selected was one called envelop. We talked about this just a bit earlier. It's a system that allows patients to be secured inside a gurney or a stretcher. So again these things, what you see here around the face of the patient are inflatable bags. So once the patient is laid on the gurney, you pump air with your foot into this and it creates a structure of support around the patient. So that's one of the ideas. You can see some more images of this stretcher. It opens up and it inflates these things on the side to allow the air to be filled in and you can see how these are the sections that inflate to provide the kind of cranial support that might be needed. Another idea that they focused on was one called VIV and this is for fluid management. Like I mentioned earlier, very often patients need IV. They need intravenous fluids into their bodies. And instead of having a pole that stands close to the bed, why not have something that attaches to the bed? So this is attached to the bed. It just hangs over the bed rails and there's a system that goes on the patients arm and it guides the fluid into the patient. You can see the entire system over here in this diagram, here's the section that rests on the bed, there's a tube that reaches to the patient and this is what does the IV transfer. So there's no IV pole that needs to move along with the bed. Everything is attached to the bed itself. And here you can see a close-up of how the bags might be on that system. You can attach multiple bags. There's one over here, second here, third here to quickly change things out. And this is the arm section that attaches to the patient's forearm so the second idea. The third idea is called Orbis. And this is the harness system to move patients within the patient rooms. So, this section here, this is what you see up on the top of the patients room. So, it goes in the ceiling. There are two cross bars is one that goes this way and the one goes this way. So imagine as an x and y axis in the ceiling on the patient room. And this can move back and forth this way. And it can also move this way. So you can imagine, it can move anywhere in the room to move the patient, let's say from the entry into the bed. Or from the bed into the bathroom. And this section is the harness that attaches to the patient to allow them to be moved safely across the room. You can see a slightly closer look at the top section of the system. This is a closer look at the harness. This is how the patient is held into the system so that they can be moved safely without falling. So that is phase 5, you saw three concepts. And then phase 6 is when you select one of those ideas and move further to detail it out in as many ways as you can to start finalizing the solution. Very often, what happens at this stage is to look at all the stakeholders involved. So a stakeholder could be the patient, could be the person who's involved in administering the care, could be the nurse, could be the company, could be a distributor, or someone who actually installed the system. So one thing that's really important with design is as you start to finalize the solution, you try and ensure that it meets the needs of all the people involved in the process. All the people who are somehow influenced by and affected by this particular product. So in this case, the patient cares about comfort, they care about their safety. The nurse cares about speedy operation, cares about accessibility. The distributor might also care about easy to transport and simplicity. So each of these people have a certain specific need, and what this does is allows us to address the needs of all the people involved in the process of using the system. So as this gets finalized, you can see some more drawings some more renderings of the product. You can see it is situated in the room, this is how it will appear in the room. And it can move, again, it can move this way and it can also move this way and this way, right. So it shows how the final design is located within the patient room. And this is the process of how it'll be used. So you can see that there's a controller. That controller looks like this. It's moved from the wall, the nurse carries it over, it's a drag over, it's attached to the patient. So the harness is attached to the patient, then the control is operated again and as you move forward, you can start then moving this system along with the patient to the location that you might need. Now here in this case you can see that the patient is moved onto a new surface, it's on the bed, and then the harness system can then be taken back and reattached to the wall. So this entire process shows how the system is detailed out, how it attaches into the patient room and how the nurse can use it to actually move the patient from one location to another location. And phase 7, this is the last phase in the design process, this is to implement the innovation. What happens in this phase is actually a prototype is built. A model is built which can be tested by people who can test it out, can try it out to see if it's safe, it's secure. If it actually does, what it is supposed to do? Here you can see an individual inside the harness system. Other things that happened along with the prototype that can be tested is the naming, the branding of the product as well. Here you can see four different logos for the product and final name of the product was Orbis. You can see how variations have been tried to select the final variation. You can also see in this diagram engineering details which are all the components that might be needed to make the system really work. So you can see in this case, all the lateral rails that you can see over here. Some of the shells, the main housing for the product, the band that goes around it. This is some of the track system, these are the controls. So all the components that are needed for the final design to be implemented are existing there as an engineering solution. And you can see this gives a significant amount of detail that will allow us to implement the final solution. So what we have seen in this presentation is the complete design process from phase 1, which is identifying problems to phase 7, which is implementing the final innovation. I hope this has been useful. I hope it's been helpful in understanding how the design process unfolds. Again, there's a significant amount of ambiguity at the beginning. But as you get close to the end as you get from phase 1 to phase 7 some of these details are figured out and it becomes a lot less ambiguous by the end of the process. Thank you.
