[MUSIC] To our course on environmental management and ethics. Today I would like to talk to you about Environmental Management of Tame and Wicked problems. My name is Steffen Foss Hansen. I'm an Associate Professor at the Technical University of Denmark at the Department of Environmental Engineering. Actually, I'm going to talk to you about how to do a literature search on environmental management of tame and wicked problems and not actually introduce to Environmental Management of Tame and Wicked problems. So what does this mean? This actually means that I will not be providing a lecture on Environmental Management of Tame and Wicked problems. Instead what we'll do is we'll teach you how to find all the information you need in order to understand what Environmental Management of Tame and Wicked problems actually is. So instead of us teaching you about what it is, we're going to teach you how to find information yourselves. And then you will become knowledgeable about the subject of today's lecture, so to speak. What we would also like you to do is to use the methods that we go through now to prepare for the quiz on Environmental Management of Tame and Wicked Problems. So Literature Search, why is that important? Literature Search and the methodology of Literature Search is very important because it will enable you to identify the most relevant information in a well structured manner. It thereby convinces any reader of your work that you really know what's happening in the field. It gives credibility. You have to be able to convince a reader of your work, that you actually know what the state of the situation is within your field. Otherwise they might not be convinced by the recommendations that come from your analysis of the assisting literature. So how do you do that in reality? In reality, you should try to gather as much information as you possibly can. Make a list of keywords, in the field of research, or the field that you want to explore further. And then update this list as you go. Please, or remember to note which databases, which search engines, you used. That's very important. Your methodology, that means your key words, as well as these databases and search engines you used, have to be listed clearly. So that in theory any other person can reproduce your methodology and thereby identify or retrieve the list of references that you have identified. So here's an example. An example where we did a literature search in order to understand the environmental and health implications of nanoparticles. So what we state in our methodology is that we've scrutinized English language scientific articles and reports using the databases Web of Science, Pubmed, and Cambridge Scientific Abstracts. With these search engines, these databases, we then combined various keywords. In this case, we combined nanotechnology, nanomaterials and nanoparticles which terms and keywords such as toxicity, toxicology, ecotoxicology, exposure and hazards. We furthermore analyzed governmental and non governmental reports. And finally, we contacted primary researchers on the potential hazards of nanoparticles in order to see if we could identify additional information. So what you see from this example is a very clear reporting of which databases, which search engines did we use and which combinations of search words and keywords did we enter in these databases. Of course, like trying to find and gather all the information that you possibly can is quite a cumbersome task. What we would suggest is that you use Google or Yahoo or the literature search engines on databases that you have access to. Search broad and then go deep is a general rule of thumb. So first use one or two keywords that represent the overall topic that you would like to explore further. It could, for instance, be biofuels. If I wanted to know a lot about biofuels, I would just simply use biofuels as a term to search. If I get way too many hits, I would then narrow down my search. So for instance it could be biofuels, and environmental health and safety impacts. I could also further narrow my search where I go deeper and look into biofuels and environment. And then, depending on whether identifying the most relevant resources, I could add keywords as we go. Another good trick is to look for the most recent review in the field in order to kind of get a state of, an impression of the state of the science. And then identify key research papers and reports that have been published since the review was actually published. So here's an example, if we used the title of our presentation as an example. It's environmental management of Tame and Wicked problems. So, by just looking at this title, I would have identified tame problems, wicked problems and environmental management as my key words that I would use to at least start my search. Then I would start searching very broad and then go deep. In this case, what that mean, I would start by searching tame problems and see what kind of hits and what kind of information that would give me access to. Once I have generated an overview of what is meant by tame problems, I would then add an additional search term such as tame and wicked problems. Once I've gotten an overview of the literature in regards to tame and wicked problems, I will then further expand my search to include wicked problems and and Environmental Management. And in that way gradually work my way through the literature related to the field that I'm interested in studying, in this case Environmental Management of Tame and Wicked problems. Of course, when we recommend that you use Google and Yahoo and other literature search engines, it's very important that you always maintain a critical sense, a critical perspective on the arguments the literature that is being presented to you. Make sure that you understand all the definitions and key terms used in the literature that you are reviewing. Reflect upon what are the claims that are actually being made in this literature. Question how the data was obtained if data is presented. Does the conclusions made, do they derive from the data or are they just mere speculations and or postulations made by the authors? Is the conclusions, are they really derived from the data analysis and is the data presented, does that support the conclusions? Also we reflect about the authors, the investigators of the work or the writers of the work that you are actually reviewing. Are they in any way bias? Do they have links to interest groups that might have one way or the other some kind of interest in the area? But furthermore, of course you should always expect and tolerate uncertainty as science is ever developing. Look at the big picture. Does this fit into the overall impression you have of the state of the area? Is there something that doesn't quite make sense, or does it generally make good sense? And then finally, reflect on which kinds of actions would be needed in order to address the limitations of the work and support the claims that are being made in the literature that you are reviewing. With that, with these techniques that I've now presented on how to do a literature search, what I would ask you to do is to make a list of keywords in regards to the subject of today's lecture, namely Environmental Management of Tame and Wicked problems. And then revise that list of keywords as you use various databases and search engines to complete your search, your literature review on Environmental Management of Tame and Wicked problems. Read and review the literature that you have identified and be critical in your review. Once you've gone through the literature search and you've gone through your critical review, go on to Coursera and take the quiz associated with this lecture. Good luck. And thank you very much for your attention. [MUSIC]
