Join for Free
Log In

Arts and Humanities
Business
Computer Science
Data Science
Information Technology
Health
Math and Logic
Personal Development
Physical Science and Engineering
Social Sciences
Language Learning
Degrees
Certificates

Explore all of Coursera

Browse
Search
For Enterprise
Log In
Join for Free

Galaxy Interactions and Mergers

Loading...

The Evolving Universe

4.7 (454 ratings) | 48K Students Enrolled

This is an introductory astronomy survey class that covers our understanding of the physical universe and its major constituents, including planetary systems, stars, galaxies, black holes, quasars, larger structures, and the universe as a whole.

Reviews

4.7 (454 ratings)

5 stars
345 ratings
4 stars
80 ratings
3 stars
20 ratings
2 stars
3 ratings
1 star
6 ratings

JI

Apr 28, 2019

I really enjoyed every lesson. It's an incredible and very complete course. Anyone who loves astronomy should do it. In addition, I was able to improve English, which is my second language.

AH

Oct 19, 2015

Took this professor's course in Galaxies and Cosmology which was for 2nd year physics majors. I think this course is a more general course for non-physics-majors. Excellent course!

From the lesson

Week 7

Galaxy Morphology and the Hubble Sequence10:48

Trends Along the Hubble Sequence and their Origins9:09

Galaxy Interactions and Mergers6:42

Quantifying Galaxy Properties9:21

Galaxy Scaling Relations7:41

Taught By

S. George Djorgovski
Professor

Transcript

Let's now talk about one of the most important formation processes for

galaxies, which is merging.

And these are pictures from Hubble Space Telescope of different galaxy pairs and

different stages of merging.

Mergers take a couple of billion years to accomplish, and so what we can do is find

them in different stages, and if we can assemble them in a correct

temporal order, that gives us the movie of how galaxies would merge.

So on the basis of different models, this is sort of order to help people think it.

Two spirals, they don't know much about each other.

They get closer to each other.

They distort each other with their own neutral gravity making these title tales

and bridges, orbit for a while, and smush together and

make just one amorphous galaxy that incidentally settles into an elliptical.

Few percent of galaxies today are involved in some sort of strong interaction

like this.

And that was certainly much more the case in the past.

Because, first of all, they were closer together,

the universe expands, and there were more galaxies around.

Since then some have merged in.

Now in the early days, people did not know what to make of this.

So these things look like nothing else on Hubble sequence, so

they were called peculiar galaxies.

And now we know that there's nothing peculiar with them.

They just happen to be caught in the act of merging with another galaxy somewhere.

And there are a number of famous examples.

This one is called antennae.

And the superpose the knot is imaging from Hubble Space Telescope.

There's a great deal of star formation going on in the mergers of galaxies.

And the same process must have happened in the early days,

when galaxies were first assembled.

Here is a Rogues Gallery of a number of different types of galaxy mergers and

we're pretty sure that's what's going on as we can

recover some of these by dynamical modeling.

And notice that there is always, in the early stages at least,

there is this strange distortion going on.

Not spiral arms, but more like a long,

long tails of stars that have been kicked out.

And, this is an intriguing thing because if you think in terms of Kepler's law,

Newton's gravity, clockwork, planets go around suns, point masses.

But if you now have couple 100 billion mass points interacting together,

suddenly gravity turns out to be much more interesting.

It creates these collective effects of tails and what have you,

which you just couldn't possibly predict just knowing Newton's gravity law.

And that's all there is going here, just normal values.

So sometimes you see an elliptical galaxy that has dust in it like this, this is

the biggest galaxy in the Fornax cluster, and that's just remains of its last meal.

It gobbled up this galaxy, and some of the dust clouds are still remaining.

Eventually, those will dissipate.

But Hubble actually noticed some of the dust lines and didn't know what to do with

them, kind of ignored them, and now we know that this is a normal part

of a life of a big galaxy, that it'll be just consuming its neighbors.

Now, why do galaxies merge?

And that is due to the process called dynamical friction.

You are familiar with the regular friction that really comes from

atomic forces of materials, two objects rub against each other.

This is different, but it works like viscosity works, but for

different reasons.

So imagine there is a large mass, say a galaxy,

that's moving through a big sea of stars, say going through another galaxy.

It will be attracting those stars towards itself, and then it moves on, and

those things are still kinda piling up behind it, in a kinda wake wave.

And if it expands some of the kinetic energy

in accelerating those stars stores itself.

So, in that way, the bulk kinetic energy of a galaxy or

two galaxies gets to be translated into the internal degrees of freedom.

The kinetic energy has been repackaged to be more within the galaxies themselves.

And because of that, if you have two galaxies approaching each other and

they're on parabolic orbit there is not very gravitationally bound, maybe even

slightly hyperbolic orbit, they will lose enough energy that they'll actually become

gravitationally bound, and that will keep going on until they spiral and merge.

So simulations of this have been done for many years now and this is for

example what stars might do in a merger of two spirals.

So first there is this dance of lows spectacular splatter of stars around.

Eventually, it settles into something like elliptical galaxy where now most of

the kinetic energy's in random motions, that's the kinetic energy that's being

soaked up from the orbital kinetic energy, the two progenitors.

An interesting thing happens when you compare gas to stars.

Turns out, that the gas loses energy much faster.

Stars are mass points, they just get rearranged, but

gas can actually dissipate energy and because of that,

it settles to the middle of the merger product sometimes in a very dense way.

What that will do is it will ignite burst of star formation or

there's a big black hole, it will feed it and provide fuel for emission.

And so now we have plenty of examples that show that galaxies that seem

to be recent mergers or mergers in progress do tend to have very luminous

bursts of star formation in their middle and/or also active nuclei.

So this dynamical of the evolution process then explains a number of other observed

facts which have to do with star formation as well as with presence of active nuclei.

Explore our Catalog

Join for free and get personalized recommendations, updates and offers.

Coursera provides universal access to the world’s best education, partnering with top universities and organizations to offer courses online.

© 2019 Coursera Inc. All rights reserved.

Download on the App Store

Get it on Google Play

Coursera
About
Leadership
Careers
Catalog
Certificates
MasterTrack™ Certificates
Degrees
For Enterprise
For Government

Community
Learners
Partners
Developers
Beta Testers
Translators

Connect
Blog
Facebook
LinkedIn
Twitter
Instagram
YouTube
Tech Blog

More
Terms
Privacy
Help
Accessibility
Press
Contact
Directory
Affiliates