本课程根据外国学生学习汉语的特点，比较系统地介绍了汉语的主要语法，像词类、句子成分、单句、复句、篇章、表达方法，等等；着重指出了外国学习者学习汉语语法的难点和重点，并通过大量有针对性的练习，帮助学习者去掌握、运用，从而提高学习者的汉语水平。 According to the characteristics of the foreign student learning Chinese, this course systematically introduces the main grammar of Chinese, such as part of speech, sentence constituent, single sentence, complex sentence, discourse, expression method. This course emphatically points out the important and difficult points in the foreign student’s Chinese grammar learning, and through a large number of targeted trainings, the course helps learners to master and use, thus to improve Chinese level of the learner.
课时 2：表示比较的方法（上）
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From the course by Peking University
现代汉语核心语法
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Meet the Instructors
Defeng YangProfessor
School of Chinese as a Second Language
第二节，表示比较的方法。 The second section, methods that indicate comparison
一 用"比"表示比较。 I. indicate comparison by the word of “bi”
汉语的"比"字比较句有两种 一种是"A比B+谓语" Sentence pattern of “bi” includes two types in Chinese. One is “A bi B +predicate”
一种是"A不比B+谓语"。 The other is “A bu bi B +predicate”
我们来看一下两个例子 第一个，今天比昨天热。 Let us see some examples. The first one, “Jin tian bi zuo tian re.” (It is hotter than yesterday).
这个是有"比" 第二个，他的汉语比我好。 A “bi” is used here. The second one, “ta de han yu bi wo hao.” (his Chinese is better than mine).
也是有"比"，所以我们叫"比"字比较句 A “bi” is also used here. The sentence of these types is called “bi zi bi jiao ju” (sentence pattern of “bi”).
（一）"A比B+谓语"比较句 1. (I) “A bi B +predicate” 1
"A比B+谓语"的谓语 （1）谓语为形容词（短语） Predicate of “A bi B +predicate” (1) predicated is used as a adjective (phrase)
"A比B+谓语"的谓语一般为 In general, predicates of “A bi B +predicate” are
形容词或者是形容词短语，我们来看一下例子就比较清楚 第一，苹果比香蕉好吃。 adjectives or adjective phrases let us see some examples to be clear. The first one, “ping guo bi xiang jiao hao chi.” (apple is more delicious than banana)
"好吃"是一个形容词 第二例，弟弟比哥哥高一些 The “hao chi” is an adjective. The second example, “di di bi ge ge gao yi xie” (the younger brother is taller than his brother).
这个是什么呢？这个是形容词短语 不过谓语为形容词短语时 What is this one? It is an adjective phrase. When the predicate is an adjective phrase,
多为"形容词+数量补语" 或者是"形容词+得+程度补语"，除了"还 the following sentence is “adjective + complement of quantity” or “adjective + de + complement of degree”. Except for “hai
或更或再+形容词"外，一般呢不能是"副词 +形容词"。 or geng or zai +adjective”, the expression of “adverb + adjective” is not correct.
我们来看一下两个例子，第一例，今天比昨天很热 Let me show you some examples. The first one, “jin tian bi zuo tian hen re”
那么这个句子是错误的，为什么呢？就是因为热的前面出现了 副词，程度副词"很"，所以错了
This sentence is wrong. Why? An adverb of “hen” is placed before “re”,
so it is not correct.
那么正确的说法应该是，今天比昨天热 得多，热得多。 Well, what is the correct expression of it? “jin tian bi zuo tian re de duo.”(today is much hotter than yesterday).
（2）谓语为动词短语 "A比B+谓语"的谓语也可是动词短语 (2) when the predicate is a verb phrase, the predicate of “A bi B +predicate” can be a verb phrase
常见的动词短语主要有"多或者少或者是早或者是晚 Commonly used verb phrases include “duo, shao, zao, wan
或者是难或者是好+动词+数量补语" nan, or hao + verb +complement of quantity”
或者是"动词+得+情态补语" or “verb +de+ modal complement”
也可以是"能愿动词+动词或者短语" or “modal verb + verb or phrase”
或者是呢"有+抽象名词"等 我们来看一下例子就比较清楚了。 or “you +abstract noun” and so forth. Some examples make you understand better.
第一例，今天比昨天 多干了一个小时。 The first one, “jin tian bi zuo tian duo gan le yi ge xiao shi” (Today, I spent an extra hour more than yesterday).
那么这是什么呢？多加上动词 当谓语为"动词+得+情态补语"时 What is this? “duo +verb”. When the predicate is “verb + de+ modal complement”,
"比B"也可以放在"得"的后面，情态补语的前面 “bi B” can also be placed after “de” and before the modal complement
即可以是"A+动词+得+比B+ 情态补语"。 That is “A + verb + de+ bi B + modal complement”
00:02:52,883 --> 00:02:55,674
例如，我们来看两个例子。
Let me show some examples.
第一例，老虎比兔子跑得快 "比兔子"在"跑"的前面 The first one, “lao hu bi tu zi pao de kuai” (tiger runs faster than rabbit). The phrase of “bi tu zi” is placed before the verb of “pao”.
那么我们也可以说成什么呢，老虎跑得 比兔子快，也就是说…… 2. Or we can say that “lao shu pao de bi tu zi kuai”. …2.
"A比B+谓语"的否定 The negation of “A bi B +predicate”
"A比B+谓语"的否定不是"A不比B+谓语"，这个要特别注意 The negation of “A bi B +predicate” is not “A bu bi B+predicate”. Please pay close attention to it.
不是"A不比B The correct expression is not “A bu bi B
+谓语"，而是"A没有B +谓语"。 +predicate” but “A mei you B + predicate”.
（1）一般情况下 谓语为形容词，或者"动词+得+情态补语" (1) In general, when the predicate is adjective, or a phrase of “verb +de+ modal complement”
或者是"能愿动词+动词"和"有+抽象名词"的时候 Or “modal verb +verb” or “you +abstract noun”,
否定呢是"A没有B+谓语" 我们来看一下例子。 the negation is “A mei you B +predicate”. Let us see some examples.
苹果比香蕉好吃 这是一个肯定句，那么它的否定是什么呢？苹果 没有香蕉好吃。 “ping guo bi xing jiao hao chi” (apple is more delicious than banana”. This is a positive sentence. And then what is its negation? “ping guo mei you xiang jiao hao chi” (compared with banana, apple is not delicious).
尤其是用"没有" （2）谓语为"形容词+数量补语" The word of “mei you” is important. (2) when the predicate is “adjective +complement of quantity”
那么这个"形容词+得+程度补语"的时候 “adjective +de+ complement of degree”,
它的否定形式是"A没（有）B+谓语" Its negation is “A mei (you) B + prediacate”
但是谓语中的数量补语和程度补语呢要删去 我们来看一下。 However, the complement of quantity and degree shall be deleted. Let us have a look at some examples.
今天比昨天热一点 这个"一点"是什么呢？是一个数量补语，表示数量的 “jin tian bi zuo tian re yi dian” (Today is a little hotter than yesterday). What is the “yi dian”? A complement of quantity
那么它的否定是什么呢？今天没有昨天热。 What is its negation? “jin tian mei you zuo tian re”. (Today is not hotter than yesterday).
注意 （3）谓语为"多或者少或者是早 或者是晚+动词+数量补语"的时候 Please not it. (3) When the predicate is “duo, shao, zao or wan +verb + complement of quantity”,
那么否定形式是什么呢？是"A没（有）+比B+谓语" what is the negation? It is “ A mei (you) + bi +predicate”
但是呢，数量补语也要删去 我们来看一下例子。 The complement of quantity shall also be deleted. Let me show you some examples.
第一例，今天比昨天多干了 是"多+动词"，多干了一个小时 The first one, in the sentence of “jin tian bi zuo tian duo gan le yi ge xiao shi”, the expression of “duo +verb” is used here.
那么这个句子的否定是什么呢？它的否定是，今天 What is the negation of this sentence? It is “jin tian
没有，用"没有"，没有 比昨天多干 mei you bi zuo tian duo gan”
那么也就是说这个数量"一个小时"应该去掉 3. That is to say, the quantity of “yi ge xiao shi” (an hour) shall be deleted. 3.
"A比B+谓语"的省略情况 A和B如果都是"名词1或者是代词 The omission of “A bi B +predicate” when A and B are nouns 1 or pronoun
+的+名词2"，而且呢有些成分 +de +noun 2”, and some parts
相同，那么B中和A中相同的部分呢有时可以省略 这主要有三种情况。 are same, the same parts of A and B can be omitted. It includes three types.
（1） B中的"名词2"省略。 (1) Omission of the “noun 2” of B
A和B中的"名词1" "代词"和"名词2"的关系是 What is the relation of “noun 1”, “pronoun” and “noun 2” of A and B?
是什么呢？是领属关系，大家注意啊是领属关系的时候 Possessive relation. Please pay attention to it.
而且A和B的"名词2" "名词2"是相同，一样 When the “noun 2” of A is the same as B’s,
是一样的时候，那么B中的这个"名词2"啊 可以省略。 the “noun 2” of B can be omitted.
我们看一下例子就比较清楚了，我们看例一 爸爸的手，"名词2"是什么呢？是"手"，比我的手
Let us see some examples to be clear. The first one,
“ba ba de shou…” (dad’s hand). What is the “noun2” in this sentence? It is “shou”. “…bi wo de shou da”
这个是"名词2"，大 It is the “noun2”,
那么这个手是属于什么呢，是属于爸爸的，也就是说 What is the first “shou” belongs to? It belongs to dad.
它们是爸爸和手的关系呢是领属关系，所以这个时候 That is to say, the “shou” and dad are possessive relation. so
因为这两个是相同的，所以呢我的 These two words of “shou” are the same.
后面的这个"手"就可以不要说 比如说，我们经常说什么呢，爸爸的手比我的大 The second “shou” shall be deleted. The appropriate expression is that “ba ba de shou bi wo de da”. (Dad’s hand is bigger than mine).
注意"名词2"为亲属名词 那么一般不能省略，这个要特别注意。 Please note that when the “noun 2” is possessive noun, it shall not been omitted.
我们来看一下例子，第一例 他的妹妹比你的漂亮 Let us see some examples. The first one, “ta de mei mei bi ni de piao liang.”
那么这个句子呢是一个错误的句子，是一个不好的句子，为什么呢？ This sentence is wrong. Why?
就是因为妹妹这个"名词2"和 What is the relation between the “noun 2” of “mei mei” (young sister)
代词"他"是什么关系呢？虽然是领属关系，也就是"妹妹"属于"他" and the pronoun of the “ta”? Possessive relation. Although they are possessive relation,
但是呢"妹妹"是什么呢，是亲属名词，亲属名词 所以呢，这样呢不说出来就不好 the “mei mei” is possessive noun. Therefore, the “noun 2” here shall not been omitted.
那么正确的说法应该是，他的妹妹比你的妹妹 两个"妹妹"都要出现，漂亮 What is the correct expression? “ta de mei mei bi ni de mei mei piao liang”. None of “mei mei” shall be omitted.
再看第二例，小明的爸爸比小刚的大，这个句子也是错误的句子 那么道理是一样的。 Example two, “xiao ming de b aba bi xiao gang de da” This sentence is also wrong. The reason is the same as the above.
如果"名词1"表示的是时间或者是处所 那"名词2"呢一般也可以省略，我们看一下例子，例一
If the “noun1” indicates time or place,
the “noun 2” can be omitted. Let us see some examples. The first one,
昨天的气温比今天的气温高 那么这个句子我们说，第二个"气温"呢可以不要说，省去 “zuo tian de qi wen bi jin tian de qi wen gao”. Here the second “qi wen” can be omitted.
为什么呢？就是因为"昨天"这是一个"名词1" 是表示什么呢？时间，所以呢这个 Why? the “zuo tian” is “noun 1” that indicates time, so the
第二个"名词2""气温"呢就可以省略。 Second “noun 2”of “qi wen” can be omitted.
第二例，今年的收入比去年的收入 少。 Example two, “jin nian de shou ru bi qu nian de shou ru shao”. (This year’s income is less than last year’s).
这个"收入"也可以不要 那么是同样的道理，为什么呢？"今年"是一个时间，表示时间的 The second “shou ru” can also be omitted. Why? The reason is the same as the above. The “jin nian” indicates time.
那第三例，北京的冬天比香港的冬天长 那么这个香港的"冬天"这个"冬天"也可以不要说 Example three, “Beijing de dong tian bi xiang gang de dong tian chang” (Beijing’s winter is longer than Hong kong’s). in this sentence, the second “dong tian” after “xiang gang” can also be omitted.
（2）B中的"的+名词2"省略 (2) Omission of the “de +noun 2” of B
如果"名词2"表示的是"名词1"或者"代词"的属性，大家注意这个条件 If the “noun 2” represents the nature of “noun 1” or pronoun, pay attention to this condition,
是它的什么呢？是属性的话，那么 its nature, and then,
B中的"的+名词2"一般可以省略 我们来看一下例子。 the “de +noun 2” of B can be omitted in general. Let us see some examples.
第一例，哥哥的脾气 比弟弟的脾气好 Example one, “ge ge de pi qi bi di di de pi qi hao” (the elder brother’s temper is better than the younger brother).
我们看这个"名词2"，"名词2""脾气"是什么呢？ 是哥哥的一种属性，是他的一个性质 Please look at the noun 2. What is the noun 2 of “pi qi”? A nature of elder brother
所以呢，第二个弟弟的这个，弟弟的脾气这个"的和脾气"就 Therefore, the second “pi qi” can be omitted.
一起不要说了，也就是说我们经常说，哥哥的脾气比弟弟好，就可以了 It is ok to say that “ge ge de pi qi bi di di de hao”.
第二例，电视的质量比电脑的质量 差。 Example two, “dian shi de zhi liang bi dian nao de zhi liang cha”. (The quality of the TV is worse than the quality of the computer).
我们看这个质量是"名词2"，那么是 The “zhi liang” (quality) is noun 2
电视是"名词1"，那么我们说质量是电视的一个什么呢，一种属性 And the “dian shi” (TV) is noun 1. The “zhi liang” is an attributes,
一种性质，或者一种特点，所以呢第二个这个电脑的这个"质量"啊 nature, feature, of “dian shi”, so the second “zhi liang” after “dian nao” can be omitted.
这个"的质量"可以一起省去，不要说 也就是说我们说什么呢，电视的质量比电脑差，就可以了
It is ok to say that “dian shi de zhi liang bi dian nao cha”.(The quality of the TV is worse than the computer’s)
第三例是情况啊是差不多，所以我们就不细说了 The usage of the third example is the same as the above, so we will not talk about it in details.
（3）B中的"名词1或者是代词+的"省略 (3) Omission of the “noun 1 or pronoun +de” of B
A和B的"名词1"或"代词"如果相同 If the noun1 or pronoun of A and B is same,
但是"名词2"不同，那么B中的"名词1或是代词+的"可以省略 while the noun 2 is different, the “noun 1 or pronoun +de” of B can be omitted.
（二）"A不比B+谓语"比较句 (II) Comparison sentence of “A bu bi B + predicate”
"A不比B+谓语" 并不是"A比B+谓语"的否定 “A bu bi B +predicate” is not the negation of “A bi B +predicate”
"A不比B+谓语"主要表示A和B呢差不多，我们来看一下例子 “A bu bi B +predicate” shows that A is similar to B. let us see some examples.
第一例，姐姐不比妹妹高。 Example one, “jie jie bu bi mei mei gao”.
那么它的意思就是说 姐姐和妹妹差不多的意思。 It means that the height of elder sister is similar to younger sister.
第二例，手机不比电脑便宜 那也就是意思就是说，手机和电脑差不多一样便宜的意思 Example two, “shou ji bu bi dian nao pian yi” means that mobile phones are as cheap as computers.
第三例，你的汉语不比他差，它也就意思说什么呢，你的汉语跟他的汉语差不多，这样的意思 1.
Example three, “ni de han yu bu bi ta cha”. What does this mean? It means that your Chinese is comparable to his Chinese.
1.
"A不比B+谓语"表示的意思 “A bu bi B +predicate”
一般情况下，当谓语为正向形容词 就是"A不比B+谓语"除了表示 In general, when the predicate is positive adjective, in other words, except that “A bu bi B +predicate” has the same meaning of
"A和B差不多一样 +谓语"这样的意思以外呢，它还有另外一个意思就是"A “A he B cha bu duo yi yang +predicate”, it has another meaning of “A
没有B+谓语"这样的意思，我们来看一下例子 好，我们来看第一个句子，这个不比那个大，这个句子
mei you B+ predicate”. Let us see some examples
well, the first example, “zhe ge bu bi na ge da”.
什么意思呢？它的意思可以是，这个跟那个差不多，一样大的意思 What does this sentence mean? It means this one is as big as that one.
那么也可以是什么意思呢，这个没有那个大，这样的意思。 Another meaning of this sentence is that this one is not bigger than that one.
那么第二例，她 不比我漂亮。 Example two, “ta bu bi wo piao liang”
那么也有两个意思，一个是说，她和我差不多一样漂亮 This sentence also has two meanings. One means that she is as beautiful as me.
那么也可能是什么呢，她没有我漂亮，这样的意思 第三例情况差不多，一样。 Another meaning is that she is not beautiful to me. The usage of example three is the same as the above.
当谓语为负向形容词 "A不比B+谓语"除了表示 "A和B差不多"这样的意思以外 When the predicate is negative adjective, in other words, except that “A bu bi B +predicate” has the same meaning of “A he B cha bu duo”,
还有呢含有"A比B +要+谓语+正向形容词"这样的意思 it also has the meaning of “A bi B +yao + predicate +positive adjective”
我们来看一下例子，第一例，老刘不比 老张矮。 Let us see some examples. The first example, “lao liu bu bi lao zhang ai”
是什么意思呢？就是 老刘跟老张啊差不多一样的意思 What does this mean? Mr. Liu is as tall as Mr. Zhang.
那么也有什么意思呢，就是老刘要比老张高 这样的意思。 What the other meaning? Mr. Liu is taller than Mr. Zhang.
2. 2.
"A不比B+谓语"的使用条件 Conditions of “A bu bi B + predicate”
"A不比B+谓语"一般是针对前文进行辩驳，注意 “A bu bi B +predicate” is generally a rebuttal against the previous article, pay attention to it please.
它使用的时候是辩驳，或者是什么呢，订正 It is used as a rebuttal, or what is it? Correction
因此呢，不能作为始发句，始发句 Therefore, it cannot be used as an original sentence.
我们看一下例子就比较清楚，例一，A：我觉得 语法比发音容易。 Let us see some examples. The first one, A : “wo jue de yu fa bi fa yin rong yi”. (I think the grammar is easier than pronunciation).
B的回答说，语法不比发音容易 那就是说，不同意A的看法，是一种什么呢，辩驳，辩驳 B answered that “yu fa bu bi fa yin rong yi” (grammar is no easier than pronunciation). B does not agree with A. what is this? A rebuttal
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