（一）了。 (I) le "了"用在动词或形容词后面，表示实现 即表示行为动作的发生或状态的出现等。 The “le” is used after verbs or adjectives to represent the achievement or occurrence of behavior or the emergence of the state and so on. 例如 ①昨天我在这儿等了一个小时，他才来 第二个例子，同学们放了学就回家 For instance, ① Yesterday I was here for an hour before he came. The second example, students go home after school. 这个"了"，这两个"了"，都表示什么呢？实现，动作实现了，过去我们说叫完成 1. What does these two “le” here? It is achievement. The action here is achieved. We said it as accomplishment in the past. 1. "了"与动词和形容词 "了"表示行为或状态的实现 “le” with verbs and adjectives “le” represents the achievement of action or state. 这就决定了有些动词、 形容词可以带"了"，有些呢不能带"了" It determines that some verbs and adjectives can added with “le”, some cannot. 动词能否带"了"的情况如下 第一类，行为动作动词 The verbs whether can be added with “le” are as follows. The first group, “le” can be placed after the action verbs of "说、 听、 打、 写、 看、 买、 卖"等都可以带"了" “say, listen, hit, write, see, buy, sell” and so on. 第二类，状态动词"想、 爱、 怕、 恨、 The second group, “le” can also be placed after the state verbs of “xiang, ai, pa, hen, 喜欢"等也可以带"了" 第三类，趋向动词"来、 去、 过来、 Xi huan” and so forth. The third group, “le” can be also placed after the direction verbs of “lai, qu, guo lai, 过去"等 也可以带"了"；第四类，关系动词 "在、 Guo qu” and so on; the fourth group, “le” shall not be placed after the relation verbs of “zai, 在于、 是、 属于、 属、 存在"等不能带"了" Zai yu, shi, shu yu,shu, cun zai” and so on. 形容词能否带"了"的情况如下 （1）谓语形容词"大、 Adjectives whether can be added with “le” are as follows. (1) the “le” can be usually placed after the predicate adjectives of “da (big), 小、 多、 少、 高、 矮"等一般可以带"了" （2）非谓形容词"男、 Xiao(small), duo(many), shao(little), gao(tall), ai(short) and so forth. (2) the “le” shall not be placed after the non-predicate adjectives of “nan (male), 女、 彩色、 黑白、 大型"等 不能带"了"。 Nv(female), cai se (color), hei bai (black and white), da xing(huge) and so on. 2. 2. "了"的位置 （1）表示动作行为已经发生或实现的连动句 The position of “le” (1) A syncretic sentence that indicates that an action has occurred or has been achieved 所谓连动句就是一个句子里面有两个动词或者三个动词 The so-called syncretic sentence is a sentence which has two verbs or three verbs 如果第一个动词短语表示的动作行为发生后，再发生第二个动词 If after the action of the first verb phrase has occurred and then the behavior of the second verb phrase 短语表示的动作行为，这个"了"呢一般放在第一个动词后面。 occurs, the “le” is usually placed after the first verb. 我们来看两个例子 第一个例子，姐姐买了一件毛衣给我 Let us see two examples. The first example, my sister bought a sweater for me. "买"是一个动词，"给"是第二个动词，那么这个 "了"放在"买"的后面。 The “mai” (bought) is a verb. The “gei” is the second verb. The “le” is placed after the “mai”. 第二个，妈妈抓了一把糖 放在我的口袋里。 The second example, my mother grabbed candies and put them in my pocket. 所以呢，"抓"是一个动词，"放"是 第二个动词，那么"了"呢放在第一个动词的后边 So the “zhua” (grab) is a verb. The “fang” (put) is the second verb. The “le” is placed after the first verb of “zhua”. （2）表示动作行为已经发生 或实现的连动句，如果第一个动词或短语 (2) A syncretic sentence that indicates that an action has occurred or has been achieved. If the first verb or phrase 表示后一个动词或短语所表示的动作行为的方式 或者工具，或者呢第二个动词短语 represents a method or tool that indicates the action behavior of the latter verb or phrase, or the second verb phrase 表示的动作行为是第一个动词表示的动作行为的目的，一般第二个动词后带"了" of the action behavior expressed is the purpose of the action act indicated by the first verb, the “le” shall be placed after the second verb 也就是说跟第一种情况是相反的，我们来看两个例子 第一个例子，哥哥骑车去了学校。 That is to say, it is contrary to the first condition. Let us see some examples. The first one, my brother went to school by bike. "骑"是一个动词 "去"是第二个动词，那么骑车呢是去学校的一个方式，所以呢 The “qi” is a verb; the “qu” is the second verb. “by bike” is a way of going to school, so 这个"了"放在了"去"的后面。 the “le” is placed after the “qu”. 第二例，他用我的洗衣机洗了几件衣服。 Example two, he washed some clothes with my washing machine. "用" 是一个动词，"洗"也是一个动词，用我的洗衣机是什么呢？是一种工具 “yong” is a verb, and “xi” (wash) is also a verb. What is my washing machine? A tool, 是洗衣服的工具，用洗衣机洗，不是用手洗，所以呢这个"了"呢放在第二个 动词"洗"的后面。 Used for washing clothes. The “le” is placed after the second verb of “xi”. 第三，表示动作行为已经发生或实现的兼语句 一般呢最后一个动词后带"了"。 The third, the pivotal sentence that the action has occurred or been implemented. The “le” here is usually placed after the last verb. 比如说我们看一下，第一个例子，公司让他去了北京 For example, the company let him go to Beijing. 这个"让"，让他去了北京，那么这是一个兼语句 The “rang” (let) here is used in a pivotal sentence. 所谓兼语句是什么意思呢？就是第一个动词的宾语啊是第二个动词 What does pivotal sentence mean? It means that the object of the first verb is the subject of the 的这个主语，所以呢这个"了"呢放在 第二个动词的后面。 second verb, so the “le” is placed after the second verb. 第二个，这件事使我懂得了一个道理 那么，"使"是个动词，"懂得"也是一个动词 The second example, this thing made me understand the truth. The “shi” (made) is a verb, and “dong de” (understand” is also a verb 所以呢"了"放在"懂得"的后面 那么这件事使我懂得了一个道理，做人一定要诚实。 So the “le” is placed after the “dong de”. This thing made me understand the truth that people shall be honest. 那么这个"了"呢放在"懂得"的后面 第四，几个句子如果叙述的是一连串的行为动作 The “le” is placed after the “dong de”. The fourth, if sentences state a series of actions 一般呢最后一个动词的后面要用"了" The “le” shall be placed after the last verb. 例如，第一个，弟弟跑进屋，扔下书包，拿起皮球就出去了 For example, my brother ran into the house, dropped the bag, picked up the ball and went out. 那么这个是叙述的一连串的动作行为，"跑进屋"是一个动作 There are a series of actions. “pao jin wu” (ran into the house) is an action 行为，"扔下书包"又是一个动作行为，"拿起皮球"然后"出去" “reng xia shu bao” (dropped the bag) is also an action. “na qi pi qiu” (picked up the ball) and “chu qu” (went out) 有四个动作的行为，所以呢，一般来说啊，最后一个句子的 动词后用"了"，所以这个"了"放在"出去"的后面。 Have four actions, in general, the “le” is placed after the verb of the last sentence
Hence, the “le” is placed after the “chu qu”. 第二例，公司昨天开会 表扬了老张。 Example two, the company held a meeting and praised Mr. Zhang. 这是两个动作行为，所以呢这个 "了"呢放在最后一个小句的这个"表扬"的后面 There are two actions. Therefore, the “le” is placed after the last verb of “biao yang” (praised). （5） "了"放在"动词+结果补语"的后面，这个比较简单。 (5) “le” is placed after “verb+ the complement of result”. It is easy. 比如说第一个例子 桌子擦干净了。 For example, “zhuo zi ca gan jing le” (the table is clean). 这个"了"在什么地方呢？在补语 Where is the “le” placed? The complement "干净"是补语，"了"在这儿，不可以说"桌子擦了干净了" 他吃完了两碗饭。 “gan jing” is the complement. It will be wrong when you say that “zhuo zi ca le gan jing le”. “ta chi wan le liang wan fan” (He ate two bowls of rice). "吃"是动作，"完"是补语 因此呢这个"了"放在"完"的后面 “chi” (ate) is an action, and “wan” is a complement. Therefore, the “le” is placed after the “wan”. （6）动词 加来或者去，没有 (6) verbs added with lai or qu, when there is no 宾语的时候，"了"呢一般在"来""去"的后面 有宾语呢，有两种情况，一种是"动词+来/去+了+宾语" object, the “le” is placed after the “lai” and “qu”;
when there is objects, there are two conditions, the first one is “verb +lai/qu+le+object” 我们看一下例子就比较清楚了，我们看第一例 弟弟给我寄来了一张明信片 Let us see some examples to be clear. The first example, “di di gei wo ji lai le yi zhang ming xin piain” (my brother sent me a postcard). 那么这个"一张明信片"是一个宾语 The “yi zhang ming xin pian” (a postcard) is an object "寄"后面带"来了"，因此呢这个"了"在"来"的后面 “lai le” is placed after the “ji”, therefore, the “le” is placed after the “lai”. 第二例，我给弟弟送去了一些吃的。 Example two, I sent something to eat for my brother. 那么这个 Then the "一些吃的"是宾语，所以呢这是动词，这是"去"，所以呢这个"了"呢放在"去"的后面
“yi xie chi de” (something to eat) is an object. The “qu” is a verb. Hence, the “le” is placed after the “qu”. 另一种情况是什么呢？"动词+了+宾语+来/去" What is the another condition? “verb +le +object +lai / qu” 注意的问题，要注意的是什么呢？就是宾语啊 What shall be noted here? It is object. 不能是抽象的名词或者是存现宾语，这是一个条件
And it shall not be an abstract noun or an object of existence. This is a condition. 我们看下面两个例子。 Let us see the following two examples. 第一个 弟弟给我寄了一张明信片来 The first one, “di di gei wo ji le yi zhang ming xin pian lai” (my brother sent me a postcard). 所以这个"了"在哪呢？在动词"寄"的后面 "来"在最后。 Where is the “le”? it is placed after the verb of “ji”. The “lai” is placed in the last. 第二个，我给弟弟送了一些 吃的去。 The second one, “wo gei di di song le yi xie chi de qu” (I sent something to eat for my brother). 这个"了"在"送"的后面，"去"呢后面没有"了" [咳嗽] The “le” is placed after the “song”. There is no “le” after “qu”. [cough] 第七种情况，就是"动词+复合趋向补语" The seventh condition, “verb + compound directional complement” 带"了"有两种位置，一种是"动词+了+趋向补语" 例如，我们来看两个例子。 There are two positions with “le”. One is “verb+ le+ directional complement”. Let us see some examples. 第一，你怎么把我的秘密 全说了出来。 The first one, “ni zen me ba wo de mi mi quan shuo le chu lai” (how could you say all my secrets)? 这个"说"是动词，"出来"呢 是复合趋向补语，所谓复合趋向补语是什么呢？就是两个汉字 The “shuo” (say) is a verb. “chu lai” is compound directional complement. What the so-called compound directional complement? Two Chinese characters 两个汉字，那么这个"了"在什么地方呢？在动词 后面，"说"的后面。 And then where is the “le”? After the verb of “shuo” 第二例，小狗向我们跑了过来，这也是 Example two, the puppy ran to us. "跑"是动词，"过来"是复合趋向补语，这个"了"呢在动词"跑"的 后面。 “pao” (ran) is a verb. “guo lai” is a compound directional complement. The “le” is placed after the verb of “pao”. 那么这类句子有一个特点，是什么特点呢？就是带有描写的色彩 This kind of sentence has a character. What is it? With the color of depiction 有突出行为动作的作用，有强调，有突出这个动作，所以把"了"放在动词的后面 to highlight the action, so the “le” is placed after the verb. 另一种是什么呢？"动词+ What is another one kind of it? “verb+ 趋向补语+了"，这是另外一种情况，就是"了"在趋向补语的后面 directional complement + le”, this is another condition that the “le” is placed after the directional complement 我们看两个例子，第一个例子，那些桌子都搬进去了 Let us see some examples. The first one, these tables are all moved in. 对吧，"搬"是动词，"进去"是复合趋向补语，但是"了"呢在"进去"的后面 “ban” (move) is a verb. “jin qu” is a compound directional complement. However, the “le” is placed after the “jin qu”. 第二例，我的护照拿出来了。
Example two, my passport was taken out. "拿"是动词，"出来" 是复合趋向补语，这个"了"呢在哪呢？在"出来"的后面。 “na” is a verb. “chu lai” is a compound directional complement. Where is the “le”? after the “chu lai” 这类 句子啊，它没有描写的色彩，也就是说跟第一种情况是不一样的 This kind of sentence has no color of depiction. That is to say, it is different with the first condition.
