四、 多项状语的顺序(一)并列关系多项状语的顺序 Part four, order of multiple adverbials. First, order of coordinate multiple adverbials. 并列关系啊多项状语是指多项状语的地位是平等的 这些状语联合起来共同修饰或限制同一个中心语
The multiple adverbials of coordinate relation indicate that the status of each adverbial is equal,
they are combined together to modify or restrict the same head word. 我们来看一下例子,第一个例子:你必须 认真、 严肃地对待这个问题。 Let's look at examples, first example, (you must take this issue very seriously). "认真"和"严肃" 它们是并列关系,就是同等的重要,那么 认真 and 严肃 are coordinate relations, in other words, each one receives equal importance, so 这两个状语呢就是并列关系的状语,第二例我们再看一下 these two adverbials are adverbials of coordinate, let's look at 第二个例子,她坚决、 不失礼貌地,这是两个状语 the second example, (she's firm and respectful), here are two adverbials. 那么它们的的关系呢也是没有主次之分,所以呢也是呢并列关系的状语 So there is no primary-secondary relation and they are also adverbials of coordinate relation. 并列的多项状语之间一般用顿号,注意用这个 符号隔开,状语后面如果有"地" Adverbials of coordinate relation are generally separated by a comma, pay attention to the punctuation,
if adverbials are followed by 地, 那么"地"用在什么地方呢?多用在,注意,最后一项 状语的后面,我们看一下,两个例子 where is it placed? Notice that it is usually followed by the last adverbial, let's look at two examples, 第一例:大家心平气和、 好好地想一想,想想 First example, (everyone think about it calmly). 这两个状语,"心平气和"、 "好好"是两个并列关系的状语,那么这个"地"在哪呢 The two adverbials 心平气和 and 好好 are adverbials of coordinate relation, and where is the word 地? 大家看的出来是放在最后一项,"好好"的后面 第二例,他无条件、 We can see that it is followed by the last item 好好. Second example, (he unconditionally, 毫无保留,无条件、 毫无保留、 心甘情愿 unreservedly and willingly), 有什么呢?有三个状语,那么我们看看"地"在哪呢?就是第三个状语的 后面,他无条件、 What are they? Three adverbials, and where is 地? Following by the third adverbial, he unconditionally, 毫无保留、 心甘情愿地把经验告诉了大家 也就是在最后一个状语的后面加上"地"就够了 unreservedly and willingly passed on to us his experience, Only the last adverbial is followed by 地. 但是呢,如果突出 多项状语啊,也可以每项的后面都加上"地"。 However, in order to highlight the multiple adverbials, each adverbial can be followed by 地. 我们来看下例子啊 第一例:他无条件地、 毫无保留地 Let's look at examples, first example, (he unconditionally, unreservedly 心甘情愿地,我们看的出来就是 三个,这个状语它的后面都加上了"地" and willingly), we can see that each adverbial is followed by 地. 那么这个是什么意思呢?这个就是为了突出无条件 What does this mean? To highlight 无条件, 突出毫无保留,突出心甘情愿 这三个状语,所以呢它们分别都加上,所以呢这句话就 毫无保留 and 心甘情愿, these three adverbials are all followed by 地. So this sentence 就是呢,它的作用就是要强调它,他无条件地 毫无保留地、 is to emphasize that he unconditionally, unreservedly 心甘情愿地把经验告诉了大家 并列关系多项状语的顺序啊相对自由一些 and willingly passed on to everyone his experience.
The order of multiple adverbials of coordinate relation is relatively free. 例如,我们看下例子啊:这么做对自己、 For example, (this will benefit you 对别人都有好处 那么这是什么呢?并列关系的两个状语,介词 and others). So what's this? Two adverbials of coordinate relation, the prepositional 短语做状语,那么我们也可以说:这么做对别人 对自己都有好处。 phrase servers as adverbials, so we can also say 这么做对别人 对自己都有好处. 也就是说它们两个交换一下场地 就是说这个顺序啊不是那么严格,第二例:老师耐心 In other words they can be exchanged and the order is not strict. Second example, (the teacher 诚恳地听取了同学们的意见。 listened to the opinions of students patiently and sincerely). 这是两个 并列关系的状语,那么我们也可以说:老师诚恳、 There are two adverbials of coordinate relation, and we can also say, 老师诚恳, 耐心地听取了同学们的意见 就耐心和诚恳交换了场地 耐心地听取了同学们的意见, the positions of 耐心 and 诚恳 are exchanged, 交换了位置,那么这个也关系不大,也就是说 相对来说是比较自由,不是那么严格 that's ok, in other words, it is relatively free, not strict. (二)递加关系多项状语的顺序。 Second, order of progressingly increasing multiple adverbials. 递加关系多项状语是指 多项状语依次修饰或者限制其后的成分 The progressingly increasing multiple adverbials indicate that there is no direct relationship between each attributive,
they modify the elements after it in turn . 那这些状语呢也没有主次之分,我们来看一下例子,第一例 尽快把书还回去。 let's look at examples, first example, (return books as soon as possible). "尽快"是个状语,"把书"也是个状语 它们是一种什么呢,递加关系。 尽快 is an adverbial and 把书 is also an adverbial, what are they? They are progressingly increasing. 第二例:这么做也 太傻了。 Second example, (it is silly to do so). 这是"也"是个状语,"太"也是状语,那么它们是也是一种递加关系 递加关系多项状语的顺序
Here 也 is an adverbial and 太 is also an adverbial, so they also progressingly increasing.
The order of progressingly increasing multiple adverbials 大致如下:首先是什么呢?表示语气、 关联的。 are as follows: what's the first? Those specifying modal and correlation. 其次是什么呢?表示时间的 再次是表示范围、 否定的。 What about secondarily? Those specifying time, then scope and negativity. 然后依次是什么呢?描写行为动作者的 完了以后是表示目的、 And what's next? Those specifying the actor and purpose, 依据、 协同的 再后面呢是表示呢处所、 方向、 路线的。 basis, synergistic, and then place, direction and path. 然后是表示对象 最后呢是描写行为动作的,那么这个顺序是什么意思呢?就是 And then target, those specifying the action come at last, so what does the order mean? It indicates that 这个号码越高也就是说离这个动词中心语啊 就越近,也就是说 the bigger the number, the closer it gets to the head word, in other words, [1] 就是离,离这个它的动词中心语 越远,越远,是这样的意思。 [1] indicates that the word or phrase is far away from the head word. 我们来看一下具体的例子就比较清楚了 我们看一下第一例:姐姐好像也把我的衣服 洗了。 Let's look at specific examples and will make it clear, let's look at the first example,
(it seems that my sister also washed my clothes). 那么这个句子我们看的出来有几个状语呢 "好像"是一个,"也"是一个,"把我的衣服"三个状语
So how many adverbials are there in this sentence?
好像, 也 and 把我的衣服 three adverbials. 那么"好像"是什么呢?"好像"是表示语气的。 So what does 好像 specify? The modal. "也"呢是表示这个关联的 所以呢"把我的衣服"呢是这个对象,所以它们的顺序是[1]、 也 specifies the correlation and 把我的衣服 represents the target, so their order is [1], [1]、 [7] 第二例:这事似乎已经被人们遗忘了 [1], [7]. Second example, (the incident has been forgotten by people). "似乎"、 "已经"、 "被人们"也是三个状语,"似乎"是什么呢?是一个语气的 似乎, 已经, and 被人们 are three adverbials, what does 似乎 specify? 表示语气的,"已经"是时间的,"被人们"是对象的,所以它们的顺序是"似乎"在前,然- 后是"已经" 最后是"被人们"。
The modal, 已经 specifies time and 被人们 specifies target, so their order is 似乎, 已经 and 被人们. 第三例:学校 已经根据规定严肃地处理了那个同学 Third example, (the school has given serious treatment to that student under the rules). 那么这也是三个状语,"已经"是什么呢?时间。 Here are three adverbials, what does 已经 specify? The time. "根据规定" 是什么呢?依据。 What about 根据规定? The rule. "严肃"是形容词,是一个形容词 所以它们的顺序是时间、 严肃 is an adjective, so their order is time, 依据,然后形容词 这样一个顺序。 rule and adjective. 注意 那么以上的顺序是一个大致的倾向,并不是绝对的 也就是说存在着变化的情况。 Notice that the above order is a general usage, not always, in other words, there are some other cases. 我们看第一种情况 表示行为动作者所在处所的"在......" Let's look at the first circumstance, prepositional phrase specifying the location of the actor such as 在... "从......"这样的介词短语啊也可以位于 描写行为动作者的前面。 and 从... can be placed before the actor. 我们来看一下例子。 Let's look at examples. 第一例:弟弟 舒舒服服在家休息了一天 First example, (the younger brother rested at home comfortably for one day). 那么"舒舒服服"是什么?"舒舒服服"是说明弟弟的 就是描写行为动作者的。 What is 舒舒服服? 舒舒服服 describes the younger brother, namely the actor. "在家"呢是一个处所是一个地方 也就是说这个描写行为动作者的在 在家 is a location, the phrase specifying the actor comes 这个处所的前面呢,但是我们也可以说:弟弟在家舒舒服服休息了一天 before the location, however we can also say, 弟弟在家舒舒服服休息了一天. 也就是说"舒舒服服"呢是描写行为动作者的 "在家"呢是一个处所,它们呢交换了位置 "舒舒服服" describes the actor and 在家 specify a location, they swap positions. 第二种情况就是描写行为动作的也可以位于表示处所、 方向 或者路线的前面。 The second case is that those describing the action can be placed before the location, direction and path. 我们来看一下例子,第一例:上课的时候他从教室里偷偷溜出去了 Let's look at examples, first example, (in class, he sneaked out of the classroom). "从教室"是什么呢?是个状语,它是处所,表示地方 What is 从教室? An adverbial which specifies the location. "偷偷"是表示什么呢?描写行为动作的,行为动作的 What does 偷偷 specifies? Specifying the action. 那么我们看这个是它在前,这个在后,但是我们也可以 说什么呢?上课的时候他偷偷地从教室里溜出去了
We can see that 偷偷 comes after 从教室, however what can we say?
上课的时候他偷偷地从教室里溜出去了. 也就是说这个位置发生了 交换,对吧,"偷偷"跑到前面去了,"从教室"呢在后面 In other words, the positions have been swapped, right, 偷偷 comes before 从教室. 那么这两个句子都是可以的,再看一下第二例:把桌子 往后一点一点地挪。 Both sentences are all correct, look at the second example, (move the desk back a little). 这个"往后"是什么呢 "往后"是个介词短语,它表示什么呢?方向。 What is 往后? 往后 is a prepositional phrase? What does it specify? Direction. "一点一点地"是什么呢 是描写这个动作"挪"的,那么这个顺序是[6]在前 What is 一点一点? Describing the action 挪, so this order is that [6] comes before [8]在后,但是我们也可以说成呢 把桌子一点一点地往后挪。 [8], however we can also say 把桌子一点一点地往后挪. 也就是说 "往后"和"一点"它们交换了位置,这样是,也是可以的 In other words, 往后 changes position with 一点, it's also correct. 第三种情况就是关联副词"也"可以位于表示对象的后面 In the third case, the correlative adverb 也 can be placed after the word or phrase specifying target. 我们来看一下例子啊:弟弟也把书包弄丢了 "也"是个状语,"把书包"是个介词短语作状语 Let's look at examples, (the younger brother also missed his schoolbag).
也 is an adverbial and 把书包 is a prepositional phrase which acts as adverbial. 那么这个表示关联的"也"在前,"把书包"这是表示对象 So the word 也 which specifies correlation comes first, and 把书包 which specifies the target 它紧挨着这个"弄"这个动词的后面 但是呢我们也可以说什么呢?弟弟把书包也弄丢了 is followed immediately by the verb 弄, however what can we say? 弟弟把书包也弄丢了. 那么这个也就是说"也"和"把书包"位置呢发生了交换 这个句子也是可以的。 In other words, 也 changes position with 把书包, it's also correct. 2. 描写行为 动作的状语啊同时出现的时候,一般是音节多的在前 我们来看一下例子,第一例:一到上海,他就 马不停蹄直飞北京 那么"马不停蹄"是个状语,"直"也是个状语 这两个状语都是说明什么呢?飞的,飞的样子,对吧 所以呢,他们同时出现的时候,那么我们说"马不停蹄"是四个 汉字,是四个音节,而"直"呢是一个音节,所以呢 "马不停蹄"在前,"直"在后,"直"在后 好,再看一个例子:做完以后,要一个字一个字地 好好检查。 那么这也是什么呢?"一个字一个字" "好好"都是说明这个检查的方式的 也就是说是描写这个行为动作的,那么我们看 "一个字一个字"就是六个音节,而"好好"是两个音节,所以呢 音节多的在前,音节少的在后,就是这么一个顺序 3. 表示范围的状语啊也可以在表示否定的 这个状语的后面,但是呢意思不同,我们来看一下例子 我们看第一例:这些问题我全不会。 "全"是一个范围 副词,"不"是一个否定的,所以我们说这个 "全"在"不"的前面,它的意思是什么意思呢?就是这些问题我都不会,这样的意思 我们再看下面一个例子,这些问题我不全会。 这个"不"在前了 "全"在后了,意思呢就发生了变化 这个意思是什么意思呢?这些问题啊,我有的会有的不会,有的不会 我们再看一个例子,第二例:他们都不是美国人。 "都"是一个范围,"不"是否定 "都"在前,"不"在后,那么它的意思是说他们每个人啊都不是美国人 我们也可以说:他们不都是美国人。 也就是说"都"和"不"的位置发生了交换 那么它的意思就变了,它的意思是什么呢?他们有的是美国人,有的不是 也就是说位置不同,它的意思啊也发生了变化 今天的课我们就讲完了,谢谢大家!