四. IV. "在"字句。 Sentence pattern of “zai” 谓语中有"在+宾语" 这样的状语或者补语的句子叫做 "在"字句。 In the predicate, the adverbial or complement of "zai+ object" is called the sentence pattern of “zai” 我们来看一下例子就比较清楚。 Let us see some examples. 第一例，我在北京学习汉语 "在北京"是什么呢，放在动词学习的前边，做什么呢？状语 The first example, “wo zai Beijing xue xi han yu”( I learn Chinese in Beijing). What is the position of “zai Beijing” (in Beijing)? before the verb of “xue xi” (learn). What does the “zai Beijing” used? Adverbial. 所以我们叫做"在"字句。 Therefore, we call this type of sentence as sentence pattern of “zai”. 第二例，大家在食堂 在学校食堂吃饭。 The second example, “da jia zai shi tang, zai xue xiao shi tang chi fan.” (we eat in the school cafeteria) "在学校食堂"是一个地方 它也是状语，所以呢我们也叫它是"在"字句。 “zai xue xiao shi tang” is a adverbial of place, so we call it as sentence pattern of “zai”. 第三例 那么，他住在外边。 The third example, “ta zhu zai wai bian” 这个"在外边"是一个地方 但是呢，它放在了动词"住"的后边 The “zai wai bian” refers to a place. However, it is placed after “zhu”. 它做的是什么呢？补语。 What does it been used? Complement. 那么这两种情况 都是呢我们所说的"在"字句。 These two conditions above is called as sentence pattern of “zai”. 但是大家注意第一例、 第二例的"在 北京"、 "在学校食堂"，都在这个 However, please pay attention that the first example of “zai Beijing” and the second example of “zai xue xiao shi tang” are placed 动词的前边、 前边，第三例相反，是在动词 before a verb. The third example is opposite. The “zai” is placed "住"的后面，那么我们看一看它们的条件是什么 什么时候在前，什么时候在后？ after “zhu”. Let us see what the conditions are them? When shall “zai” be placed before a verb or after a verb? 我们先看一下"在+宾语"表示的意义，（一）就是 "在+宾语"表示的意义。 Let us turn to the meaning of “zai + object”, (I)the meaning of “zai + object” "在+宾语"表示的意义比较多，主要有以下几种 第一种情况，"在+宾语"表示处所。 It has many meanings. It has the following meaning in general. The first condition, “zai +object” refers to a place. "在+宾语"表示处所的，我们看一下例一，中午在哪儿吃饭？ "在哪儿"是处所，也是所谓的地方。
Let us see the first example, “zhong wu zai na er chi fan?” (where will we eat?)
“zai na er” refers to a place. 第二例，大家在教室里 等一会儿。 The second example, “da jia zai jiao shi deng yi hui er” (Everyone waits in the classroom for a while.) 这个"在教室里"这个也是一个地方 所以呢"在哪儿"、 "在教室里"都是地方 2. The “zai jiao shi” (in the classroom) also refers to a place. Therefore, “zai na er” and “zai jiao shi li” refer to a place. 2. "在+宾语"表示范围或者是方面 宾语中常用方位词"上""中""里" “zai + object” refers to a range or aspect. In the object, commonly used words include “shang”, “zhong”, “li”, "以内""以下"等，我们看一下例子就比较清楚 第一：在学习上，他比我强。 “yi nei”, “yi xia” and so forth. Some examples make you clear. The first one: “zai xue xi shang, ta bi wo qiang” (he studies better than me). 那么"在学习上" 后面有个方位词"上"，那么实际上是说什么意思，就是学习方面 他比我强。
There is a noun of location “shang” in the “zai xue xi shang”. It means that he studies better than me. 第二例：在这一年里，我们学到很多新东西 "在这一年里"是什么意思呢，也就是说这个时间的范围
The second example: “zai zhe yi nian li, wo men xue dao hen duo xin dong xi” (we have learnt a lot in this one year). What does the “zai zhe yi nian li” mean? It refers to a range of time. 这个一年的时间里面，这个范围。 The range of this year 第三例 你的体重要控制在六十五公斤以下 The third example: “ni de ti zhong yao kong zhi zai liu shi wu gong jin yi xia” (your weight shall be controlled below sixty and five kgs). 在什么什么以下，那么这个也是一种什么呢，一种范围 “zai shen me shen me yi xia” is a range. 就是不要超过六十五公斤，所以也是一种范围 所以有的时候表示的是方面，第一例。 “Do not exceed the sicty and five kgs” refers to a range. Sometimes, it refers to an aspect. What do these three examples above 第二、 三都表示的是什么呢 范围。 refer to? A range 3. 3. "在+宾语" 表示条件，宾语中经常用方位词"下"，而且后面常常用上 逗号。 “zai + object” refers to a condition. Commonly used word of location in the object is often added with a comma. 我们来看一下例子就比较清楚。 Some examples make you clear. 第一例：在老师的帮助下 有个逗号，有个"下"，他很快适应了这儿的生活 Example one: “zai lao shi de bang zhu xia” (with the help of the teacher), comma, “ta hen kuai shi ying le zhe er de sheng huo” (he adapted to life here quickly). "在老师的帮助下"是什么意思呢？就是"老师帮助"是一种条件 条件。 What does the “zai lao shi de bang zhu xia”? it refers to a condition. 第二例：在刘经理的领导下，下 后面有逗号，公司的管理水平有了很大的提高 Example two: “zai liu jing li de ling dao xia” (under the guide of manager Liu), comma, “gong si de guan li shui ping you le hen da de ti gao” (the company’s management level has been greatly improved). 这个也是什么呢，"刘经理的领导"是一个条件，条件 What is it? The “liu jing li de ling dao” (the guidance of manager Liu) is a condition. 在这种条件下，公司的管理水平有了很大的 提高。 In this condition, the company’s management level has been greatly improved. 4. 4. "在+宾语"表示时间，一般要放在 谓语动词的后面，我们来看一下例子就比较清楚。 “zai +object” refers to time and shall be placed after predicates. Some examples make you clear. 例一：比赛 定在星期一上午。 Example one: “bi sai ding zai xing qi yi shang wu” (the match is scheduled for the morning of Monday). "在星期一上午"表示什么呢？ What does “zai xing qi yi shang wu” refer to? 是一个时间，也就是说星期一的上午这个时间，它放在"定"动词的后面 第二例：这事发生在十年前。
It is a period of time. It is placed after the verb of “ding”
Example two: “zhe shi fa sheng zai shi nian qian” (It happened ten years ago). "十年前"也是时间 所以放在发生的后面。 “shi nian qian” is also a time and placed after “fa sheng”. 考试改在下午 "下午"是什么，时间，所以放在动词的后面 “kao shi gai zai xia wu”. What is “xia wu”? Time. It is placed after a verb. （二） "在+宾语"的位置 (II) Position of “zai + object” "在+宾语"表示处所，注意 这个条件，我们前面已经提到表示处所的、 “zai + object” refers to a place. Pay attention to it. We said that when it refers to a place, 地方的时候 有时要放在谓语动词的前边，注意有的时候放在谓语 it shall be put before a predicate sometimes. 动词前，有的时候呢要放在谓语动词后，也就是一前一后 一前一后。 And it is put before a predicate sometimes. 我们看一下例子就比较清楚。 Some examples make you understand it better. 第一例：大家在这儿 休息，休息是什么？就是动词，对吧。 Example one: “da jia zai zhe er xiu xi” (everyone have a rest here). What is the “xiu xi” (has a rest)? A verb, right? "在这儿" 在休息的前边。 The “zai zhe er” is placed before “xiu xi”. 第二例：老师在教室里上课 上课是个动词，在教室里是个地方，所以呢也在前面 Example two: “lao shi zai jiao shi li shang ke” (the teacher is having a lesson in the classroom). The “shang ke” (have a lesson) is a verb. The “zai jiao shi li” (in the classroom) refers to a place. Therefore, it is placed before a verb. 但是第三例：书放在书架上 在书架上也是一个地方、 However, look at the third example: “shu fang zai shu jia shang” (the book is put in the bookshelf). “zai shu jia shang” (in the bookshelf) refers to a place 处所，但是呢它 在什么呢，动词"放"的后面了，也就是说①②在前面，③是在 a position. However, it is put after a verb. That is to say, the third example is different from the 后面 1. first two examples 1. "在+宾语"放在谓语动词前 如果"在+宾语"发生在谓语动词前 “zai + object” before a predicate if the “zai + object” is placed before a predicate, 谓语动词表示的行为动作之前 before the action of predicate represents, 也就是说"在"加上名词，加上一个短语，"在"加上一个名词，加这个宾语啊 In other words, if the “zai +noun+ a phrase”, the object 它先发生 happens first 先发生，然后呢发生谓语动词表示的行为动作，那么这样的情况下 happens first, the action of the predicate represents, in this condition, "在+宾语"要放在 放在谓语动词前 “zai + object” shall be placed before a predicate 我们看一下例子就比较清楚，我们看一下第一个例子：我 在家吃饭。 Some examples make you clear. The first one: “wo zai jia chi fan” (I have a meal at home). "在家"是一个地方 "吃饭"是一个动词，谓语动词，那么为什么"在家"放在"吃饭"的前面呢？
“zai jia” refers to a place
“chi fan” is a verb, a predicate. Why is the “zai jia” placed before “chi fan”? 就是因为我们要先在家里，然后在吃饭 在家先发生，吃饭在后面 The “zai jia” is happened before “chi fan”. 先回到家，先在家里，然后再做饭、 吃饭 所以呢应该是在家在前，吃饭在后。 We often go home, stay at home, make a meal and eat it. This has an order. 第二个：姐姐在大学 上班。 Example two: “jie jie zai da xue shang ban” (my sister works in a university). 上班是个动词，谓语动词，在大学是个地方 对吧，那么"在大学"为什么在"上班"的前边？ “shang ban” is a verb, a predicate. The “zai da xue” refers to a place, right? Why the “zai da xue” is placed before “shang ban”? 同样，道理是一样，也就是说她先在大学，什么叫先在大学，她要先来到这个大学 Likewise, she will go to this university at first 然后呢才能上班，也就在大学发生在前边 and then works here. 上班是发生在后面，所以呢"在大学"在前，"上班"在后 2. “shang ban” is happened after “zai da xue”. 2. "在+宾语"放在谓语动词的后面 “zai + object “ is placed after a predicate 也就是如果谓语动词表示的行为动作发生在前 That is to say, if the action of which a predicate represents is happened first "在+宾语"发生在后，"在+宾语"是行为动作的一种结果 and the “zai + object” is happened after it, then the “zai + object” will be a result of the action above. 也就是说通过这个行为动作，人或者物体最后 In other words, if the person or something 到达或者位于宾语表示的地方，那么"在+宾语"呢 一般放在谓语动词的后面。 is in the place after this action, the “zai +object” shall be placed after a predicate. 这个我们看一下例子就比较清楚了 我们看一下第一例，①画 挂在墙上。 Some examples make you understand it better. The first one: “hua gua zai qiang shang.” (The picture hangs on the wall). "挂"是一个动词 谓语动词，"在墙上"是一个地方，是一个处所 The “gua” is a verb, a predicate. The “zai qiang shang” refers to a place 那么"在墙上"放在"挂"的后边了 The “zai qiang shang” is placed after “gua”. 那是为什么呢？是因为我们要先挂 然后画才在墙上 Why? because we shall “gua” and then the picture will be on the wall. 也就是说"挂"发生在前，"在墙上"发生在后，那么"在墙上"就是"挂"的结果 The “gua” is happened before “zai qiang shang”. The “zai qiang shang” is the result of “gua”. 所以也就是说先挂，然后画才在墙上，所以呢 "挂"在前，"在墙上"在后。 Therefore, the “gua” is placed before “zai qiang shang”. 第二例：邮票贴，动词 在信封上。 Example two, “you piao tie( a verb) zai xin feng shang” (Stamp is attached to the envelope). "在信封上"是一个处所，是一个地方 那么为什么在"贴"的后面呢，是因为什么呢？我们是要先贴
“zai xin feng shang” refers to place.
Why the “tie” is placed after it? We shall “tie” at first 贴这个动作先发生，然后这个邮票 And then this stamp 才在信封上，也就是说"贴"在前，"在信封上"在后 所以呢它要放在"贴"的后面，"贴"的后面
will be on the envelope. Therefore, the “tie” is placed after “zai xin feng shang”. 有的时候，尽管"在+宾语"发生在谓语动词表示的 Sometimes, although “zai +object” is happened after the action of a predicate 动作行为之后，是行为动作产生的结果 但是由于谓语动词啊带有，注意这个条件 represents, if the predicate is followed by 谓语动词带有什么呢，动态助词，动态助词 或者是宾语，或者是补语等等，这个时候 a dynamic auxiliary word, object or complement, "在+宾语"它也只能放在谓语动词的前面 我们看一下例子就比较清楚了。 “zai +object” shall be placed before the predicate. Some examples make you clear. 书 在桌上放着呢！ “shu zai zhuo shang fang zhe ne!” (the book is put on the table). 书在桌上放着呢！这个"在桌上"是个地方，对不对，"放"是个动作 The “zai zhuo shang” refers to a place, right? The “fang” is an action. 那么应该是"放"在前，"在桌上"在后 The “fang” is placed before the “zai zhuo shang”. 那么这个句子应该说什么呢？书放在桌上 应该是这么说，对不对？但是由于这个"放"的后面 What is the expression of it? “shu fang zai zhuo shang”, right? However, because of the “zhe” after the “fang” 有了"着"，有了"着"，也就是说"放"的后面没有地方了 there is no place after “fang”. 没有地方，没有位置了，那怎么办？所以呢把"在桌上" 就放在"放"的前面，放在"放"的前面
No place. Therefore, the “zai zhuo shang”
shall be put before “fang” 第二例：老师在黑板上写了一行字 在黑板上是个处所，是一个地方，写是个动作 Example two: “lao shi zai hei ban shang xie le yi hang zi” (The teacher wrote a line of words on the blackboard). The “zai hei ban shang” refers to a place. The “xie” is an action 那么应该是说，按照一般的情况下，应该是写在前 In general, the action of “xie” is happened before “zai hei ban shang” 在黑板上在后，也就是老师先写，然后字在黑板上，是这样的意思 The teacher shall write and then these words will be on the blackboard. 但是为什么它跑到前面去了呢？就是因为写的后面有什么呢 However, why is it placed before “xie”? because there is 有了动态助词"了"，还有一个宾语"一行字" 也就是说写的后面没有地方了，没有它的位置了
A dynamic auxiliary word of “le” followed by “yi hang zi”
No place after “xie” 那怎么办，所以呢"在黑板上"就跑到了"写"的前面 And then what happened? The “zai hei ban shang” is placed before “xie”. 跑到了"写"的前面，它被别人挤到前面去了，就是，通俗地讲，就是这个意思 More simply, it is pushed by “xie”. 所以这种情况下是什么呢，是一种特殊的情况，特殊的情况，有原因的，有原因 Therefore, what is this condition? It is special.
