I'm now going to discuss CRRF, or the Comprehensive Refugee Response Framework, which is a relatively new framework. The New York Declaration for Refugees and Migrants includes a set of commitments for those two groups. It also has elements towards achieving the Global Compact on refugees, and the other global compact for safe, orderly, and regular migration. The New York Declaration calls upon UNHCR, the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees to develop, and initiate the CRRF. Again, it's the comprehensive refugee response framework in close coordination with relevant states other UN agencies, refugees, NGOs, and other stake holders. So what is the CRRF? It specifies key elements for a comprehensive response to any large movement of refugees. Some of the core objectives are: One, to ease pressure on the host countries involved, to enhance self-reliance of refugees, to expand access to third countries solutions, and finally to support conditions and countries of origin for return in safety and dignity. Now when you look at these four key objectives, they are meant to be broad, and they are meant to include refugees themselves, host countries, as well as number three, third countries solutions. What this means is that, countries such as the United States, Canada, Australia, European countries will continue to resettle refugees in their countries. This is meant to show solidarity because as we've mentioned numerous times, the large majority of countries are hosted by refugees in low and middle-income countries, much nearer to where the conflicts occur. I now would like you to watch the UNHCR video entitled, Imagine a world more open to refugees. The link to this video is available on the lecture page. When you're done, please return to the lecture, and we'll continue. Where is CRRF applied? 193 states adopted the New York Declaration for Refugees and Migrants. Out of those states, 15 are currently rolling out CRRF plans, and there are two regional CRRF approaches. One can see in this image of the world, countries that are highlighted. In Africa, in Central America, as well as Afghanistan, which are the rollout countries at this point. This will be a rolling process and more countries, and likely more regional approaches will occur over time. I'm now going to discuss KISEDP, or the Kalobeyei Integrated Social-Economic Plan. So this is an important example of the Humanitarian Development Nexus in Kenya. Kalobeyei is a new settlement, near to Kakuma refugee camp in Northwest Kenya. The overall goal of KISEDP is to boost the local economy by enabling the environment, and building skills, and capabilities, for refugees and host communities in Turkana West, in Kenya to increase their self-reliance, access inclusive national service systems, including a national health insurance plan, as well as function in their new market environment. So you can see in KISEDP, is an integrated social economic development plan for Turkana West, that includes both refugees and the host community. Once again, the image on the left, you can see both refugees, and in the middle a woman from Turkana West. Again, you can tell because of the large amount of beads that she has on her neck. The hope is, that KISEDP will directly contribute to transforming the humanitarian model of assist for refugees towards a development oriented solution that will enhance the self-reliance of refugees, as well as the host communities. This image of Kalobeyei settlement in Turkana West in Kenya, shows some of the houses that are being built for, and by, the refugees. So what do you notice? Well certainly when you compare to Bidi Bidi settlement in Uganda, you can see that these houses are stone, together with zinc sheeting. Refugees and local contractors receive money to build these houses. So they are not built for them, and by using local contractors, and by using local materials, it has had a significant and positive effect on the economy in West Turkana. In the end, the refugees own these houses, they're their houses, and that brings them a feeling of security, and a feeling of financial stability. Before I move on to the main messages, I want to talk about IDPs, or Internally Displaced Persons. I was recently at a meeting with the emergency relief coordinator Mark Lokok, and we spoke about the Humanitarian Development Nexus, and his strong appeal was to say, "Well it is wonderful that this is occurring for refugees, and their host communities." He also wants to discuss with humanitarian development communities, and donors, and private sector, about how something similar can occur in IDP settings. In some ways it was natural, and perhaps easier to start with refugees, and the World Bank together with UNHCR have clearly made a difference in this area. I think it is also important that we start looking at how IDPs affect host communities, and how we can work with them to improve the economies, and the health care of both IDPs and those nationals who are hosting the internally displaced persons. Here are some of the main messages related to the Humanitarian Development Nexus. Number one, HDN, or the Humanitarian Development Nexus is not a new concept, but there does appear to be a concerted effort to improve cooperation and complimentarity amongst the humanitarian development actors, as well as donors, and I would add the private sector. Number two, the World Bank, and other multilateral and bilateral institutions, increasingly recognized that the development of countries is negatively affected by the short and longer term effects of conflict and forced displacement. Cash transfers, or cash-based interventions, have become an important modality in humanitarian response, that provides more dignity and choice to the recipients. However, it will likely be transformative in humanitarian assistance, coordination and response, and it will have a strong influence in the HDN in the future. Numerous challenges remain in implementing the HDN, including: competing mandates, political blockages, and varying timelines for the implementation. Finally, there are various efforts to implement HDN, particularly in refugee settings with the CRRF. These are going to evolve, and change over time, and I hope also they will eventually include non-refugee settings, such as internally displaced persons and their host communities, or at least have a more concerted effort to address those situations as well as refugees, and their host communities