Welcome back. Earlier I spoke to you about the face of idealism where India, fresh after independence believed that ideas could change the world. The United Nations had been created, and India thought that its ideas could help shape a better world order. And there were a large number of new ideas which India articulated. Especially ideas led by India's first prime minister, who was also India's foreign minister and someone who the world respected. However, even within that phase, you could see that there were limits to this idealism. And those limits to those idealism were in three related areas. Pakistan and the legacy of Partition, Kashmir, and India's relations with the Western Bloc. India and India's Freedom Movement did not believe that Hindus and Muslims could not live together in one nation. The profoundly believed in secularism. That a state, unlike in the west, could not completely disconnect from religion, but a state could respect all religions and that all these religious faiths, and people who believed in this state could live in a multi-religious nation state, and that this was part of the Indian tradition where different influences, different faiths, different religions, different languages, could coexist. In contrast there was the Muslim League which believed that Hindus and Muslims were two different nationalities and deserved to have two different states. The congress which led the freedom movement continued to oppose, and particularly Gandhi, but ultimately, practical politics meant that they compromised on one of their most fundamentally held beliefs that partition and the two nation theory were an anathema to India and the spirit of India. They agreed to partitioning India into India a secular India and a Muslim Pakistan. But those who believe that the British solution of partition would, would create stability weren’t completely mistaken because the partition itself created more problems than it solved. And in addressing those problems from a sharing of resources to addressing issues of different states wanting to join India and Pakistan reflected most acutely in the problems of Junagadh and Hyderabad, and Jammu and Kashmir, though many compromises made. So in many ways India's relationship with Pakistan and with the idea of Pakistan, which really was a Manichean contrast to India's own idea. But that itself limited India's idealism because the problems with Pakistan remained and remain till today unsettled. There are no ideas which Nehru championed which were found itself in policies that could create the condition of peace of Pakistan. And this was particularly clear in the whole Kashmir issue, or the whole issue of Jammu and Kashmir, which was one of the several hundred princely states of India with the Muslim majority, a Hindu king, and with borders, which are contiguous to both India and what was to be Pakistan. The choice before the Maharaja was to join either India or Pakistan. Instead, he stalled, he refused to take a decision even as independents arrived in India and Pakistan. And then Pakistan inspired raided Kashmir, were about to take over the state of Kashmir when the Maharaja exceeded to India in October 1947. The circumstances are that annexation, and the fact that the Maharaja made that decision so late meant that India decided also to take the issue to the United Nations particularly because Pakistan inspired and supported armed raiders had invaded Jammu and Kashmir, and which the Indian army was repelling. Now, the Kashmir story, or what happened there is, was clearly another indication where ideas and idealism and everyone belief that perhaps, even India and Pakistan would be able to live in peace after partition was undermined. And simultaneously, you could see that when the Kashmir issue was taken to the United Nations by India, I repeat, under not chapter 8, which dealt with aggression, which many argue would have been the rightful place to take it since Kashmir had been invaded by Pakistan. India took it again it's an inside idealism to chapter 7, for the Pacific Settlement of Disputes. The chapter that deals with Pacific Settlement of Disputes. But quickly India realised that, the UN Security Council was not an idealistic group of people wanting to create peace, but countries driven by Machiavellian realpolitik. And that became evident to India in the dealings of the Western Bloc on the issue of Jammu and Kashmir which India perceived from day one, that the Western Bloc, the United States, and the United Kingdom were clearly pro-Pakistan. So India's faith in the United Nations system was deeply eroded by the way it saw the Western Bloc deal with the issue of Jammu and Kashmir. In addition, as I said, in an earlier part, John Foster Dulles had declared as deeply troubling and immoral. So on issues like Pakistan on Kashmir and the UN Security Counsel and it's functioning, especially related to the issue of Jammu and Kashmir, Indian idealism was deeply eroded and you could see that nehruvian idealism on these three issues begin to recognise that, perhaps, in many critical issues, it was realism and the realist ways in which the great powers dealt with which was the order of the day.
