Welcome to this review video of English for Finance and Economics. Hey, good to see you're back for more fun. Whoa, [LAUGH] is it that time already? Okay, I can do this. Are you wondering why the crazy beginning? Maybe a better question is, why did it sound so crazy? In this review lesson, you're going to synthesis the lessons on tone and power. This information to communicate clearly with a level of authority that makes people value what you have to say. Let's begin by comparing my three opening statements. As you listen to the following statement, try to recognize the tone. Welcome to this review video of English for Finance and Economics. Did you recognize the statement as having the tone you were expecting? Yes? Maybe it sounded formal and conveyed authority. If you said yes, and you probably did, that authority is a type of formal power called legitimate power. What about this statement? Hey, good to see you're back for more fun. How would you characterize this tone? Is the tone what you were expecting? No, [LAUGH] of course not, because it's not what you were expecting, what impression does it leave? Does it make you want to listen to what I have to say? Does it make you think I have something valuable to impart? Probably not, huh? And this one. Whoa, [LAUGH] is it that time already? Okay, I can do this. I guess you know what I'm going to ask you. Is this the type of language you were expecting? Why do I keep asking you this question? Because being able to convey the expected tone, or rather the accepted tone, affects how your message is received and the power others are willing to give you. In other words, the wrong tone can support or undermine your authority, your power. First a quick review on the five types of power. There's the kind that uses a threat of punishment. Do it or you'll get fired. Do you remember what it's called? Coercive power. There's the kind that says, lower the inventory and increase your sales margins, and you'll get a bonus. What is that called? Reward. There's the kind that is gained from a title or position. A manager who says, you have to do what I say because I'm the manager, would be using legitimate power. Legitimate power's give in to the title and not the person, so in this example, when this horrible manager leaves the company, you wouldn't listen to him anymore. However, there's the kind of power that is gained through trust, a manager who listens to you and supports you, earns your respect and trust. When she quits, she'll still have referent power, because she earned it. This type of manager usually has a lot of knowledge and experience that she's willing to share. This type is called expert power. So how does understanding the five types of power and using accepted tone relate to auditing? Being able to motivate many people to send you the documents you need, when you need them, could be a nightmare if you're not understood clearly, or if you rub people the wrong way with an unacceptable tone. And this is no easy task. In a 2006 study, email messages were misinterpreted 64% of the time. And I'm assuming these were native English speakers. So what can English language learners do to convey their intended messages and express appropriate levels of authority? Some simple research can help. When communicating in writing, collect examples with accepted formats and tone. Use the same greetings and closing as everyone else. Use common phrases only in similar contexts. Communicate emotion in person when possible. Avoid language that evokes strong negative feelings. For example, instead of writing the word problem, consider a word with less emotion, such as issue. We've been talking about tone and email, and how it affects the way your messages are received. We've also discussed how these can affect the power you have to motivate others to take action. How does your body language affect your authority and your perceived power at work? Take the in-video quiz. So what are the key takeaways? The way we communicate in writing and in person, can affect the power we have in the workplace, and thus our ability to delegate work effectively. Mirroring the style, tone, words, and phrases used in similar context in your workplace is a useful tool for ensuring the accepted tone. It's important to anticipate what the receiver of your emails are expecting, in terms of tone, language, and style. Because not meeting these expectations can cause your messages to take on different meanings. I hope this review will support your ability to write all kinds of documents that say what you intend them to and afford you all the power you deserve. Thank you for watching English for Finance and Economics.