[MUSIC] Well, it's great to see you here in class again. We're getting close to being half way through Week One. Right now, you should start to have a feel for what it's like to program in Python, you know, about expressions, you know, about variables, you know, about functions. But really the number of operations that you have at your disposal when building a Python program is fairly limited. So, what I'm going to do in this lecture is I'm going to tell you about a few more operations that you have at your disposal to help build more interesting programs. In particular, I'm going to talk about remainders in Modular Arithmetic. I'll talk a little bit about how to work with strings and numbers. And then, I'll finish it off by telling you to get access to some more built in functions inside Python. Okay, let's go to it. So, let's talk about a few more operations that we can use in Python. For the first part of the lecture, we are going to talk about Modular Arithmetic. Now, you may not have heard that phrase before, but you actually know how to do Modular Arithmetic. In third grade, you learned how to do long division. You had a dividend and a divisor, and you divided the, divided one into the other. What came out was a quotient and remainder. So, that remainder is actually, essentially your computing Modular Arithmetic when you compute remainders. So, I'm going to give you a few examples illustrating how to use Modular Arithmetic. So, let's start of with a really simple problem. Let's say, we have a 2-digit number, and we'd like to compute its tens digit and its ones digit. So, how can we get the tens digit? I think it's not too hard, we actually have something that computes the quotient, it's the energy division operator slash, slash. So, we could say num energy divided by ten so, ten goes into 49 four times, so I'm going to predict we're going to get out the number four. Sure enough. Now, we'd like to also get the ones digit. So, how can we do that? Well, we need to compute the remainder. Whenever we take num, we take the remainder with respect to ten. So, let's see if we can find out what the remainder operation is in Python. Let's go to CodeSkulptor Python. And we're going to squeeze down here. Let's see. Integers and floating-point numbers. Let's scroll down. Hm. Modular Arithmetic that sounds kind of plausible. And sure enough, that's actually what we're going to use. We're going to use the send operator to compute a remainder here. So, we could say, print tens. Now, we can print out the ones digit also and we get 49. And notice we can always reconstruct the original number by just taking ten times the tens digit plus the ones digit. So, there's nothing special about 49 here. That actually works no matter what. Alright, let's talk about another example of Modular Arithmetic using remainder. So, this is the classical example that you'll see, it's called clock arithmetic. And the idea is we're going to want to do computations involving hours, and either a 12-hour or 24-hour clock. So, let's pop over to one note here. And what you can see right here is I might have kind of two tables. The one on the one on left here. This is the 12-hour clock. And so, we list all the hours in the day on the 12-hour clock. We have twelve hours that are a.m., twelve hours in p.m. Notice that the hours start at twelve, And one, two, three, four, five, six, seven, eight, nine, ten, and eleven. If we'd like to do arithmetic on the 12-hour clock, we can almost use remainder to do that. So, let's go down here and consider a problem. Right now, in this clock, I have listing the time as I have the time listed as eight:00 p.m. So, here it is eight:00 p.m. Now, I would like to skip and figure out kind of eight hours ahead what the new time would be. So, let's go down here and we'll just write hours and I'll draw very carefully. My handwriting is not so great so I'll try to go slow here. So, we go ahead, we end up here, And where do we end up? We end up at four:00 a.m. And what do we do up here? We went plus eight hours. So, we could do that using remainder. We could take eight plus eight would be sixteen, I take this remainder twelve, that would be four. But now, it's a little awkward here because we have to change a.m. to p.m. and the big problem is that in some sense, if we end up with twelve and we take the remainder twelve we get zero. But, in this clock, kind of zero is twelve. So, the, the 12-hour clock is not a great clock for kind of doing power arithmetic. So, there's another clock, and it's preferred by the military, for probably this is one of the reasons why, it's called the 24-hour clock. There's no a.m. And p.m. The, the starting hour is at zero, it's 0000, and it's 0100, 0200, all the way up to 2100, 2200, 2300. And so, in this model, we can do clock arithmetic in a much cleaner way. So, I have an example over here. I have an example over here, that involves, let's see. There are 2000. What do we want to do? We want to go ahead eight hours. So, we drop that real quick. So, I can go here, and that would be I guess, 0400. So, we'd like to go for eight hours here. So, we could do that, we could say, plus, plus eight hours. And so, what can we do? We can use modular, Arithmetic to do this. And this is actually is much cleaner because we could take twenty plus eight, that's 28. We can take a remainder 24, that's four. So, we can really use Modular Arithmetic and remainders to actually do, essentially computation of hours on the military clock very easily, the 24-hour clock. So, let's go back and do that in CodeSkulptor real quick. So, let's pop back over here. So, here we have hours twenty, so we're at 2000.. So, that's military time. And we like to go through and actually figure out what the time will be after we finish an 8-hour shift. So, we could do that, we could say print hour plus shift, remainder 24. So, if we print that, We got 28 out. What happened here? We thought we were going to get four. Well, let's think about this as a, in terms of precedents. Remainder has higher precedence than plus. So, what happenned here in Python, was that we computed shift remainder 24. So, let's say, the shift was eight, so is eight remainder 24 is eight, we added that to twenty, we got 28. So, to actually do this computation correctly, what we need to do is we need to go through and add first and then, take the remainder second. So, we do that, What comes out is four. Okay, let's do another example. Okay. Let's look at one more application using Modular Arithmetic. And this will be something she'll actually do fairly often in the class. You're going to have a 2D game. Objects may be moving around. And you have to deal with what happens when an object gets near the edge of the canvas. Maybe it's going to bang off of it. Maybe it's going to come to stop. But sometimes, you'd like it to actually do maybe something where it wraps around. It goes off one side and comes on the other side. Let me just show you a quick little demo. Here's a part of a game you're going to actually build later on. This is a spaceship. And our spaceship starts flying, and we get close to the edge of the screen , and what's going to happen? Well, it pops on the other side of the screen, it wrapped around. If I go off the top of the screen, I wrapped around. I go back on the bottom of the screen after I round the top. So, how do we model this mathematically? You could store kind of some, some information to represent the, the position of the center of the ship. But when we go off one edge of the screen, we better change that position so that it's kind of in a different position way on the other side of the screen. So, we can use Modular Arithmetic to do that. So, let's go back and look at this. So, lets see where the situation where we are keeping track of the horizontal position of the ship and so we're at this, the frame that I created was 800 pixels wide. So, we are getting close to that right-hand edge, and we say, we need to go right five pixels. How can we do that? Well, I claimed we can do that using remainders, we can say, position is equal to, well, the old position plus whatever the move was, we could do that remainder, The width of the screen, and if we print out position what's going to come out is two. The new, the position of the ship after we move five units right has not overpassed the right-hand side of the screen. The screen is actually over the left-hand screened, side of the screen it positioned to. So, we've popped from the right-hand side to the left-hand side. The interesting thing is this also works the other way. And to do that, you have to understand how a remainder works on negative numbers. If we take the remainder of something that's negative. What happens is we're always going to get a number back in the range from zero to width. Zero to the number that we're taking the remainder of respect to. So, what's going to happen is when we take the remainder of something that's negative we're going to get something that appears on the screen, Something in the right range. We'll just do that tangibly. Let's say, we were the other way. Let's say, we were at position two. So, we're going to counter reverse this. We were positioned to, and we did a move of -five. We kind of move to the left. We're on the left-hand side of the screen and we move left, that's going be -five. Run the same code. Well, what's going to come out, we're going to get two minus five is negative three. So, we have to find -three remainder 800. And I told you that's always going to be a number between the zero and the width. So, it comes out as 797. So, we kind of took -three, we added 800 to it. It gives a number between zero and 800, it's 797, so we pop to the right-hand side of the screen. So, notice using remainders here actually works, works in both directions. It works when you're moving left, it works when you're moving right, it works when you're going up, it works when you're going down. So, remainder is going to be your friend when you're doing screen wrapping in your games. The next topic that I'd like to cover is talk a little bit more about how to convert back and forth between data types. In the lecture on Arithmetic expressions, we talked about the operator int and the operator float, and how those kind of converted data in other forms into either an integer or floating-point number. There's times when you're going to have a number and you're going to want to convert it into string so you can print it out. your first three projects are going to involve really just doing lots of printing. You won't get into using the canvas and doing drawing until Week four. So, what I want to do here is just talk a little bit about how you can convert things into a string, and so I'm going to motivate it by just talking about a very simple problem. So, we, we talked earlier about 24, the 24-hour clock. And, in a 24-hour clock, you always kind of think about the, the hours, as being two digit even if there's a zero in front of the, even if it's like three:000 a.m., it's really 03. So, here three:000 a.m. would be 0300. So, what I'd like to do is talk about how to take an hour in the 24-hour clock, and convert it into a string that look like this. Especially, make sure it has a leading zero. So, to do that, we're going to use a little bit of Modular Arithmetic using remainders. We're going to use what we talked about before we got the ones in tens digit. And then, we're going to have to figure out how to do a couple of string operations, get those numbers and convert them into a string. And then, we're going to have to figure out how to kind of format that string so it'll look like something in this form here. So, let's see if we can do that. So, the first thing is let's get the ones digit. I think we've already done that with the 10's digit. So, we can just print those out. We could print tens and ones, let's just see what that looks like. This doesn't look good. Well, I guess we had a zero and a three. Okay, yeah, I'll have, let's do this. Let's print out one more thing, let's print out a string which has the minutes or it seems the minutes are, or even hour. So, if we do that, We get kind of 03:00.. And you can see there's a bunch of space is in there and it doesn't look very good. So, what could we do here? We could try to convert these numbers into strings, that might be the first thing. And then we could think about the other ways to kind of manage the string to get it to something that looks like what we want. So hm, it turns out that there's a function that we can do that. We could convert the number into string using the str function. So, we can try our next attempt, we could say, print str of tens and str of ones. And then we can keep printing our string called 00. So now, if we do that. Well, dang. It's the exact same thing. This is now a string, this is now a string. But it just turns out they're exactly the same. Hm. But now, that there are strings, we can do some things to them that we couldn't do with numbers. So, for numbers, when we use the plus separator on them, we added the numbers. It turns out, Python likes to take common operators, and try to interpret them as being applied to things that you're not used to. So, for example, there's a plus operator for strings. So, what would plus operator do for strings? Well, it joins the strings together. So, what I'm going to do is I'm going to try one more attempt here. I'm going to say, print plus the string of ones, plus and let's add in 00.. Let's try that, to see if anything good happens. So, notice what happened here now. This plus operator joined the strings together, and it didn't throw an error because this is a string and this is a string and this is a string so it's nice to actually take strings and join them together. And most importantly, he didn't put in all these annoying blank spaces in here. This is an example of what's called string form, string formatting, and you're going to get good at it after the next couple of weeks here. But the most important thing is remember this function str. It converts something into the string just like int converted something into an integer and flow, converted something into a floating-point number, str converts something into a string. Let's finish off and we'll do one more thing. I mentioned that there are lots of other functions available inside Python. the way you get at those functions, these extra functions, these are things called modules and they are kind of things that are outside of basic Python that people have built and added into Python and to get access to those functions, you need to go through and import them. So, in Python, you need to say, import module name. So, if you go into the Hello World page, you'll see something that says, Import Simple GUI." Simple GUI is a module that Scott and I built that actually opens up a canvas and draws Hello World on it. There are two common modules that you should know about, that you'll need to use as the class goes on. One is Math and the other one is Random. And you can take a peek at them up here in the docs. So, we can go to CodeSkulptor Python and scroll down. And there you go. There's the Math module. We'll just scroll down there and see. It has kind of all the common math functions that you're used to. If you're looking for a math function that's not built into Python, you can say import math, and go down here and use all these. We'll go back here. For example, I could say print Math.pi and this is print out a very nice approximation to pi. And the other one that you're going to use this week, it's going to be a random module and it gives you the ability to generate random numbers. So, also, it's also described up here so let's go up and close that. Go back down, I look in the Random module, and it's got a smaller set of functions here. But there's some functions that you're going to be using fairly often. The one you'll probably, the two that you'll probably use the most will be it's going to be random.randrage. And so, that one you should take a look at and figure out how it works and you'll be all good. Okay. So, those are some other functions you can use in this week and the upcoming weeks. See you next lecture.
