The good news is that there are new ways to increase levels of participation, ambition and compliance in climate negotiations. Let's take an example. Deforestation accounts for 11 percent of all greenhouse gases more than the entire transport sector. Why? Through photosynthesis, trees convert carbon dioxide to oxygen. As they are cut down, the conversion process slows building more residual carbon dioxide into the atmosphere. Forests also act as carbon sinks as decomposing trees that have captured carbon dioxide return it to the soil. When slash and burn practices are employed, the carbon dioxide is released back into the atmosphere. In 2012, the Tropical Forest Alliance was announced. The alliance is a partnership between international institutions, consumer goods companies, producers, governments and NGOs, to eliminate deforestation from the production of agricultural commodities such as palm oil, soy, paper and beef by no later than 2020. More than 400 companies have made over 700 pledges to reduce their impacts on forests with support from many heads of state. By broadening participation, the burden doesn't just lie with states to make change. Now let's look at the question of ambition. In 2016, seven African governments agreed to protect over 70 percent of Africa's tropical forests from unsustainable palm oil development. The equivalent of 13 percent of the world's total forests. This wouldn't have happened if industry had not been brought to the table to show their interest in sourcing sustainable palm oil, and if civil society groups hadn't rallied for change. The Tropical Forest Alliance and its partners brought state actors together with the private sector and civil society and enabled ministers to raise their ambition level. A similar dynamic was successfully used in Paris. On the issue of compliance, these efforts are complemented by the Global Forest Watch which uses satellite technology, open data and crowdsourcing to guarantee access to timely and reliable information about forests. In 2017, they launched a near real time application that tracks deforestation daily. So we have a cost effective mechanism for monitoring damage and holding companies to account. Business runs the risk of consumer boycotts on their products if they're associated with deforestation. Climate change is a complex problem that requires multifaceted solutions in an increasingly connected world. With emerging technologies that provide a new form of radical real time transparency will become increasingly aware of the impact humanity has on the planet. Although the network approaches I've mentioned are more difficult to setup and more messy in their implementation, they hold the keys to greater participation ambition and compliance.