[MUSIC] Welcome to our course on the International Organizations in Public Private Partnerships. Here's lecture one. And lecture one is, why and how do international organizations engage in public private partnerships? Let us look at what is the content of this course. International organizations realize that unilateral approaches are insufficient for addressing complex societal changes. More and more, we'd have to deal with complex issues, such as poverty, water distribution, healthy living, new energies and many more that one alone cannot solve where one alone, one institution, one organization, the government alone cannot solve the problems. International organizations increasingly partner therefore with business, with government and civil society to address these problems. This course is divided in four different lectures and focuses on why and how international organizations engage in the public private partnerships. How do they address different questions, how do they identify who to work with? And we will give you these definitions and the history on collaborative designs on the public private partnerships. What are the drivers? What are the risks involved in public private partnerships. And we will look at some of the practical examples and explore different partnership types. >> So why have public private partnerships? Let's have a look at the few video clips to understand why we might need public private partnerships. >> It's usually the most vulnerable that are the most effected by disasters. They are the ones whose houses are washed away first, and by mudslides and landslides. It makes partnerships vitally important. >> 1.7 million children die of a vaccine preventable disease. One child [MUSIC] Every 20 seconds. [MUSIC] 61 million children are not in primary school. Over 250 million children in school are not learning basic skills. 15 million children are working, rather than attending school. 25,000 young girls a day are being forced into marriage and taken out of education. And globally, one young person in eight is looking for work. >> We believe that every child deserves an opportunity to learn, to read, to do math, need to excel. [MUSIC] Whether they are girls, children [INAUDIBLE], children no longer left behind due to disability, or a woman who has never had the chance to read [INAUDIBLE] >> So many more societal problems call for collaborative approaches and so in this course, we will explore what it takes from the perspective of international organizations to engage in public-private partnerships. But what do we mean with the term international organizations? So for in depth discussion, you may refer back to course. But for the purpose of our model here, we will define international organizations as entities that are established by formal political agreements between their members that have become status of international treaties. And so they arise from agreements between nation states, and therefore some fundamental element of these international organizations are then the governments. So moreover, international organizations are respected by law in their member countries and in addition, they do not count as resident in situational unit in the countries in which they are located. So we will have global international organizations such as the United Nations, or we have regional international organizations and European Union or even regional international organizations such as. >> In this course, we will learn that international organizations increasingly acknowledge that complex societal challenges call for collaboration in joining forces with other organizations facilitating ray and raising awareness. Setting and sharing standards, or providing sustainable services and products. Or simply gaining access to disadvantaged community groups and to knowledge and of course, to knowledge sharing. We therefore, focus on public private partnerships between international organizations, business, government and civil societies. This is what you see In these overlapping part and the chart, the gray shades you have there. International organizations can operate on a global, regional or sub regional level. If you look at businesses, by business we mean non-state individuals and organizations that operate for-profit, or a closely connected to for-profit organizations. Businesses include a, the for-profit companies of any size, transnational, small, medium sized companies or even social entrepreneurs. The non-profit foundations are closely associated with for-profit corporation and the national and international business associations. They are all included here. If you look at the civil society organizations, we mean here organizations that have a common interest that which the best known foremast of course the non-governmental organizations, the NGOs. The civil society includes also the individual philanthropists who are involved in public private partnerships, such as Bill Gates or, of course, the Bill Gates Foundation. Many public private partnerships involve national governments and public agencies. For example, if solutions are implemented in public schools or in institutions. >> So to give a working definition, we will focus on partnerships that international organizations have with businesses and actors from the civil society and public sectors. So in these partnerships, the participants agree to closely work together to tackle a societal challenge. And in these partnerships, so the partners agree to share the task responsibilities and the risks involved in the projects. So, the core idea of these partnerships is that, by combining their resources, the partners are able to achieve a goal or an objective that nobody would be able to achieve unilaterally. So please note that these partnerships actually differ from market transactions contracting out mechanisms that are mainly profit driven as well as from more philanthropic and donation based relationships. Because the partnerships that we focus on in these partnerships, the partners actually are jointly responsible for planning, implementing and managing the partnership. >> So what is so special about these partnerships? Isn't it just a collaboration of common sense, what we already know? Is that really that new? And collaboration, well, to be honest, yes, it existed quite some time, so hasn't it always been the guiding paradigm of relationship between international organizations and business? Maybe we should look at an example like the UN and business relationships. >> So in fact, regarding the UN and business relationship, in the early stages, the two actors operated more independently from one another. But then, from the 60s to the 80s, we can see that this relationship turned into a more distant and regulatory driven relationship. So why so? Indeed, in view of increased decolonization, the United Nations increasingly engaged in intervening in trade regulations and regulating International capital investment, and so the trans-national corporations strongly opposed this intervention because they feared decreased profit opportunities. So, then from the 80s to the 90s, the neo-liberist emancipation of the trans-national corporation occurred. And this was also fostered by the administrations of Thatcher and Reagan, which actually put a lot of pressure on the United Nations to reform. So, as a result, this period was by more concessions made to what's a transnational cooperations. And so then starting from the 90s we can actually experience a more collaborative approach tightened the United Nations towards businesses. So the first major milestone was 92 EU summit. In which the United Nations collaborated with a civil society in developing countries to strengthen really the collaboration in the environmental area. Whereas in the 22 Johannesburg Summit, this was a major event that shifted actually the anti-governmental focus of governance towards a more public private governance. And a direct result of this Johannesburg Summit was actually a call from the United Nations for more public private partnerships for sustainable development. [MUSIC]
