[MUSIC] Let us look maybe, why do international organizations really engage in public private partnerships. And let us look at what are the drivers, and maybe then also what are the risks of it. So, if you look at the drivers first, there really has been a growing realization that most of the world's pressing problems are far too complex. And resource demanding, resource intensive to be addressed by the public sector alone. Secondly, international organizations recognize that they dispose of only a limited set of resources, and actually also have insufficient power for tackling the world's most complex problems. And thirdly, at the same time you have to say that the globalization has extended the reach of markets and excavated the negative transnational spillovers of social problems and environmental degradation. Fourthly, I would say while the power of governments have shrunk in the course of globalization, the influence actually of the companies has dramatically increased. Companies commonly have now access to capital, technical and managerial expertise and huge networks. All these are important for tackling the problem. And if you take the last one, then civil society organizations have an important expertise and resources and they're willing to collaborate and taking an act to really drive the public, the solutions and contribute. So public-private partnership are seen as a logical response to each sectors constraints and many international organizations really get more and more involved. >> But in general partnership, the word partnership has a very positive connotation, but in fact they are not a panacea and also there are many risks involved. So for instance, conflicts of interest can occur in view of the partner diversity. And so, these conflicts can actually block the partnering process. Moreover, so there's a risk that partners may use these partnerships for their individual and organizational benefit. For instance, they may use partnerships to impact international organizations, and have an impact on the treaties and regulations. So at the surface, this leads us then to the question, who is involved in partnerships and who is aside? So quite frequently it's not all stakeholders being involved in the partnerships. And fourthly, you also don't have strict regulations in terms of how to set up the government structure of a partnership. So in terms of setting accountability structures and so on, transparency as well. So the question is how will the global community that is in control what is going on in these partnerships? So all together we could say that public-private partnerships offer an opportunity to tackle complex society challenges by offering new solutions. But at the same time they provide risks that have to be taken into account in the partnership design. >> So here's time for, I think, for reflection. Let us do a little quiz or give you a little task. What do you consider the most important driver for international organizations to engage in public-private partnerships? Do reflect write it down and give them answer to this. So how does partnering look like in practice? Let us look at a couple of examples. Overall, you may find public-private partnerships in a variety of areas. For example in relation to problems linked to water, energy, and others. But let's look at the Global Walter Partnership Corporation with UNDP and the World Bank. This public-private partnership fosters integrated water resource management and provides a forum for dialogue and the creation of a partnerships among the corporations, the governmental agencies, the wealthy users and environmental groups. You may find public-private partnerships in the area of health for instance, Gavis association with WHO, the UNICEF and the World Bank. And here the public-private partnership focused on saving children's lives and protecting people's health by increasing access to humanization in poor countries. And I think it's worthwhile to look at this video and get a better impression of what we talk about. [MUSIC] Let's have a look at another example and that is in education. Global partnerships for education association for instance with UNICEF. Here it provides developing country partners with the incentives, the resources and technical support needed to develop and implement national education. National education plans to ensure the universal primary education. Another example is the disaster relief. An example in disaster relief that was created and called Logistics Emergency Teams. The LET in which the global logistics firms help the World Food Program and create the logistics cluster after the occurrence of natural disasters. I think this video gives an excellent example of how public private partnerships are created, designed and used. [MUSIC] >> After the tsunami, people wondered, how can we be better prepared? How can we react faster and more efficiently? [MUSIC] Leading logistics companies have come together through the World Economic Forum to try and help the humanitarian sector with their emergency response. A strong relationship with the UN's Global Logistics Cluster is absolutely essential to this. [MUSIC] >> Okay, so as we have seen with these partnership examples, there's a lot of diversity involved in the partnership landscape. So in order to make sense of the partnership landscape you may distinguish between different partnership dimensions. So first, you may distinguish between macro transaction partnerships and those partnerships that are more link to corporate social responsibility. So starting with macro transaction partnerships. So here normally this partnership are base on binding legal contracts because the partners are able to clearly divide the tasks and responsibilities of their projects. Normally, there's a clear remuneration structure for the companies. So it's overall profit driven. So at the other extreme we will have those partnerships that are more linked to corporate social responsibility. And these partnerships actually focus on problems that are more complex. So it's very difficult to divide up the tasks and responsibilities because here, you operate in an environment that is very volatile. So legally binding contracts and that context are only of limited help or use. So that's why we have here the more voluntary partnerships, more informal. And also, the benefits for the companies or organizations involved are more indirect. So with this course we will focus more on this certain type of partnerships. So moreover, to make sense of the partnership landscape, you can actually distinguish partnerships regarding to which societal issues are they going to tackle. So you have partnerships in the area of health, education and water as we have seen. And actually this partnership environment then also determines how you're going to best design your partnership. Thirdly, we can distinguish between different partnership purposes. So you may have a partnership that focuses primarily on raising awareness and doing advocacy on a certain topic. Or the partners are working together to jointly mobilize resources. Or the partnership goal may be to jointly implement an operational solution. Or you want to have an impact on policy. And finally, you also have partnerships that focus more on learned sharing and that seek to come up with best practices. So apart from that you may also distinguish partnerships in terms of who is involved. So do you have partnerships with the public and the private sector? Or do you have partnerships where a lot of different stakeholders come together? Not only involving inter and national organizations and businesses, but also representatives from the society sector, beneficiaries and so forth. At the same time you can interpret partnerships as organizations as such with a different level of institutionalization. So on the one hand you can have a partnership with some of the more loosely coupled networks, which are nevertheless very informal. So that's the one extreme, whereas at the other extreme you have partnerships that are already incorporated, that have a clear governance structure and committees so there is a high level of institutionalization. So finally you can also distinguish partnerships in terms of the geographical scope. So for instance we have partnerships that are more active at the local level, regional level, national level or if you have global partnership. And it's interesting to have a closer look at these global partnerships, because what you often find is that you have a global partnership umbrella. Which is then broken down into more national initiatives, which then regroup very local projects, though these are really complex partnership structures. So here, we have given you six dimensions according to which you can actually make sense of the partnership landscape. >> With this, let us wrap up- This first lecture on public-private partnerships. And I think we can conclude that while public-private partnerships have become an important means for international organizations to tackle complex societal problems, we have also seen that there is no one-size-fits-all type of partnership. The most suitable type of partnership depends on various factors. For example, what problem you want to address. Where you are in what geography and how you best include different partners. [MUSIC]
