Hi, how are you? I am making good progress. So we have reached the end of our Japanese for beginners course. If you have done all our exercises carefully, memorized the characters and words from each lesson, thoroughly studied the grammar and vocal of the dialogues, then I'm sure you can say and understand a lot in Japanese. Try to use every opportunity you can to apply your new knowledge and skills in everyday life. Speak to the Japanese people you know, listen to Japanese music, watch Japanese movies, etc. These will help you to keep up and develop your Japanese. You already know how to form the te-form of a verb. This form is called affirmative. In contrast to it, there is a negative form. In fact, there are even two negative forms. One of those is used simply as a continuity form to join homogeneous predicates. It is formed by changing the adjective negative, nai, into the continuity form and into the suffix, kute, nakute, and adding this form to the first stem ending with -A of group one verbs to the group two verbs to the stem, shi, for the verb, suru, to the stem, ko, for the verb, kuru, for example [inaudible]. They are the negative form is also called adverbial. Because it characterizes an action expressed with the main predicate and answers the question, how, in what way. To derive the negative form for group one verbs, the first stem ending with -A is used. That is why it is called the negative stem. For group two verbs, the stem for the verb, suru, the stem, shi, for the verb, kuru, the stem, ko, the suffix is added to the correspondence stems. For example, [inaudible] , he left. How? In what manner? Not having eaten. This form is also used to express a request or in order not to do something. For that, you need to add the word, kudasai , please. For example, [inaudible] kudasai, don't drink too much sake, please. In the previous lesson, we touched upon the topic of deriving verbal nouns, particularly the group of nouns that are the stem of group two verbs of the second stem ending with -I of group one verbs. In this lesson, we are going to study another way of forming nouns from verbs using the suffix, kata. This suffix is spelled with a character meaning method. It is added to the second stem ending with -I of group one verbs, the stem of group two verbs, and the stem, shi, of the verb, suru, the stem, ki, of the verb, kuru. For example, we attached the suffix, kata, to the second stem of the verb, kaku, kaki, and we get, kakikata. A way of writing how a person writes, [inaudible] , but at writing characters [inaudible] , he has a funny game. You can ask about a course in Japanese using two interrogative pronouns, doushite and naze. They can be the only member of a sentence, and then the question in the polite colloquial style is the following: doushite desuka, naze desuka. In literal style it is enough to say these pronouns with the rising intonation without the copula, doushite naze. These pronouns can also be a part of an extended sentence. In this case, the I start the sentence or stand directly after the topic. You already know how to form a casual clause using the word kara. There is also a derivative parenthesis structure, desukara, used at the sentence beginning to signify that the introduced sentence results from the previous statement. In a dialogue, starting a sentence with desukara is a consequence following from the partner's words.
