>> Now we have a fixed point. Matter and information as a couple. But there is a copyright problem. It doesn't come from me. This idea comes from Aristotle. And, the whole book is about philosophy used to be a better manager. So, this, now this video, I cannot resist to talk a bit about Aristotles, because he's the ultimate inspirer for all that I have done. And Aristotles, I still. Ask myself how is it possible for such a man to have done so many things. And in a way philosophy is like a huge set of fixed points. A philosophic model can be used as a fixed point, all of them, we will use matter and information. But. Probably now I realize, that's the added value of philosophy. It gives you, it offers you fixed point. And I, I just want to detail a little bit one of those model. Because it's a combination of thinking, of fixed point, et cetera. Aristotle said. Thinking happens in three steps. The first think is, you have an idea. You think about something. That's number one. The, the second think, you think something about it. And the third step. You can deduce something from this judgement. Stay with me. It looks like abstract but I'll show you exactly how it happens. Here, you see the three steps. I think about something, I think something about it. And then I can deduce something. You have the three steps of thinking. And of course, they have some names. Sometimes the first step is called a definition. Can be. Sometimes the second step is called a statement. I know people calling a judgment or proposition. And of course on the right side, you have the third step which is reasoning. The argument. The argument. An argument is a set of proposition. A set of statement with some premises and you can go down. You can go down to conclusion. A conclusion. And we have. At the basis of thinking concepts. And, as you know, I love definitions. In this lecture, you only have one, a concept. I use this word all the time, and a concept is a step number one in the thinking. Suddenly, you have something in your mind. And as I, as you can read on the screen, it's a mental representation. It is necessary thing. You can use it to do lots of thing like categorization, or, I don't know, learning, et cetera, et cetera. The concept is number one. The second step, I told you is judgement. And the judgement is, you think something about it, and then you have the reasoning, the third step. Of course, it can be expressed in a formal way. I use it very simple. A, the concept. A judgement appears in the form A is B. The table is beautiful, or Brussels is in Belgium. It's a tell up. And the third step is called reasoning. Reasoning, of which there are many, many, many different kind of reasoning. I took the most simple one, the synergies. A is B, B is C, and then we can tell A is C. And this is as a tribute to Aristotle. We have to go back sometime to this man because he's so brilliant. Now before closing this video, let's have just a minute about the criteria. How can you. Assess the quality of a concept of a judgement of reasoning. The criteria are different. The only criteria, you can use about a concept is, is it useful. A concept we saw that in lecture two, I believe. The concept is never true. Because if you want to conceptualize, you have to forget. So it, you cannot have trues. The only way to assess a concept, is it useful? The only way to assess a judgement is trues. A is B, it's true or it's false. So trues is the way, is a criteria to assess the judgement. And a third step, the reasoning. Is never true, is never false. It's valid or not valid. And then, just to close this video, you have the three criteria. Don't confuse, you never have truths on the concept side. You never have truths on the reasoning side. Validity here, usefulness here. Truth only exist in the middle in proposition, for this like tribute to Aristotle so we'll back soon with our fixed point ladder in information, and we will move forward.
