[BLANK_AUDIO] Deduction, induction. The two key words of the whole course I have with you. A lot of differences. The more you understand the difference, the better you're going to think in the future. Let us summarize. The world of deduction is a world of logic. Logic is not easy. You can study logic on philosophy. It's, it's tough. And probably we haven't reached the end of logic. But maybe one day we will. And logic, okay, it's not the topic I, I cover. Because, my world is much more the world of induction. And of course, immediately say, maybe there is a symmetry. Logic and deduction must be analogic in induction. Yes and no, yes and no. You're right, analogy is a way to induce. Probably the analogy is the easiest way to induce, but there are many, many other ways to induce. So let's talk about analogy, because it plays a huge role in thinking. Sometimes, big success, sometimes, big failure. And I'll give some example. An analogy brings you a new idea, never a certainty. Because, in our mind, we only have a hypothesis. So, let's look at science, for example. Let's take some fairy tale. Lavoisier, Lavoisier, the chemist. Lavoisier, the chemist. He has this incredible view, vision of chemistry. Probably the greatest chemist in, in the history. And how did it happen in his mind? Through an analogy. When I read his life, I learned he had another job. He was a chemist, everybody knows, but he was also accountant. Accountant. And he worked for King Louis VI. And that's why he was beheaded, not because he was a chemist. What, to make the life of Lavoisier in a nutshell, what it is, he brought ideas from accounting into chemistry! You know, for an accounting, one Euro is one Euro. And you have the balance sheet. This side is equal to the other side. Lavoisier did the same in chemistry. This is a beautiful example of the power of an analogy. Another example may be Galilei, Galileo. A bit before. One little piece of his life. He had a telescope, and he had the chance to look at planet Jupiter in a way nobody did before, because they didn't have telescopes. And he saw, on the planets, dots moving like this. The Jupiter had a dot moving like this. And he wrote, Jupiter has moons. How did it happen? The Earth has a moon, and he made an analogy. Without a moon around the Earth, Galilei could never imagine a moon around Jupiter. It's because it exist here, that he imagined the hypothesis over there. To make a long story short, the moon was his large M. The moon, we only have one moon and suddenly, because of Galilei, the moon became a concept. The power of analogy. A third good example is [FOREIGN], people wanted to understand the structure, the nature of the atom. And Rutherford said hm, look at the world. The sun, the planets, must be similar. You have the sun and the planets, must be the same in the atom. You have, like a nucleus and some electron. Right, successful analogies. But never, never believe analogy can bring a certainty. And probably the [LAUGH], the, the most sad analogy. The, the, the, the largest disaster in the analogical effort is, this one. When you're in a room, if you can hear somebody else, it is because in the room there is something called air. And when somebody said it produced a wave that comes to your ear. And you vibrate and you hear. Analogy is obvious. If you can see this person, must be something else in the room. Let's call it ether. That allows you to see, like you hear, you see. Lost. Ether doesn't exist. Probably one or two centuries lost in research because ether doesn't exist. It's, it's just to remember, analogy cannot bring certainty. But, that's not the goal of induction. An induction produce new idea, and analogy is part of the induction. So, if you have logic as a symbol for deduction, what do you have as a symbol for induction? I put a black swan. Maybe you familiar with this concept. The black swan, maybe not. And I will, I will summarize. What's the black swan? It's, the story's this one. It comes from Popper, Karl Popper it's for centuries, people were convinced swans are white. Why? Because, for centuries, people have seen white swans. So they simplified, there was a little element, a little judgement. Swans are white. In 17 something, a European explorer went to Australia. And so, for the very first time in history, a black swan. What's the consequence? The theory about swans collapse. Not all swans are white. And Popper, Karl Popper, went very far in this, because he said, you only made progress with science, when you prove that something is not true. That's earthquake in the, the world of academics. They were convinced you made progress when you prove something is right, something is correct. Popper does exactly the opposite. Of course, Popper is not right. It's just another hypothesis. It shows, and that's why I put a black swan. Induction is hard to understand, impossible to understand. Within this induction process, you have a lot of things. You have a lot of things. It's not rational to be 100% rational. A lot of people don't like this sentence. Hey, I want to be rational. It's not rational to be 100% rational. Imagine you have to buy a new car [INAUDIBLE], and you decide to make a purchase 100% rational. What do you do? You need all possible offer, all around the world, every fee, everything of feedback available. You never buy your car. How do we do in reality? We survey a little bit and [SOUND] boom, we buy a car. But this, Boom. It's not rational. It's a way to act. So, it's not rational to be 100% rational. It means that, when you recruit somebody, when you buy a car, just the same example. When you, you're going to invest in China, when you're going to merge. Big decision are never 100% rational. And it's like a warning signal, beware your ideas. You need ideas, otherwise nothing happens, but you cannot achieve certainty with, with this induction process. Look inside the black swan, what I have here, look inside. I put nine words and probably I put, I put more, because it's a strange world when you cannot, where you cannot organize. Analogy, well I gave some example, but. For example, memory. What is remi, remember? A souvenir is a construction. If I ask you, tell me I don't know, the day of when you get 18 years old. You can build a souvenir, oh yes, I was in Spain, two friends were, and you can build something, but you are not simplifying. A souvenir is not a picture. You take, and you put here. It's something you build. You induce. And all those concepts within the black swan are important. Language. Ooh la la. Long story. Long story, you can have a whole course just on language. How language structures the mind, and of course, the language you talk, the language you use, is part of the way you structure the world. If the world, the word doesn't exist, you cannot see the world exactly as if the word exists. It's, well, I cannot go into detail. Imagination, perception, creativity. They're all somewhere in intuition. They're all somewhere in this black swan world, and I have probably like 30, 40 minutes only on imagination and creativity during lecture number five, but it's enough. For now, with this, I need to give more details on this particular visual. It's enough for now. [BLANK_AUDIO]
