Medical Neuroscience explores the functional organization and neurophysiology of the human central nervous system, while providing a neurobiological framework for understanding human behavior. In this course, you will discover the organization of the neural systems in the brain and spinal cord that mediate sensation, motivate bodily action, and integrate sensorimotor signals with memory, emotion and related faculties of cognition. The overall goal of this course is to provide the foundation for understanding the impairments of sensation, action and cognition that accompany injury, disease or dysfunction in the central nervous system. The course will build upon knowledge acquired through prior studies of cell and molecular biology, general physiology and human anatomy, as we focus primarily on the central nervous system. This online course is designed to include all of the core concepts in neurophysiology and clinical neuroanatomy that would be presented in most first-year neuroscience courses in schools of medicine. However, there are some topics (e.g., biological psychiatry) and several learning experiences (e.g., hands-on brain dissection) that we provide in the corresponding course offered in the Duke University School of Medicine on campus that we are not attempting to reproduce in Medical Neuroscience online. Nevertheless, our aim is to faithfully present in scope and rigor a medical school caliber course experience. This course comprises six units of content organized into 12 weeks, with an additional week for a comprehensive final exam: - Unit 1 Neuroanatomy (weeks 1-2). This unit covers the surface anatomy of the human brain, its internal structure, and the overall organization of sensory and motor systems in the brainstem and spinal cord. - Unit 2 Neural signaling (weeks 3-4). This unit addresses the fundamental mechanisms of neuronal excitability, signal generation and propagation, synaptic transmission, post synaptic mechanisms of signal integration, and neural plasticity. - Unit 3 Sensory systems (weeks 5-7). Here, you will learn the overall organization and function of the sensory systems that contribute to our sense of self relative to the world around us: somatic sensory systems, proprioception, vision, audition, and balance senses. - Unit 4 Motor systems (weeks 8-9). In this unit, we will examine the organization and function of the brain and spinal mechanisms that govern bodily movement. - Unit 5 Brain Development (week 10). Next, we turn our attention to the neurobiological mechanisms for building the nervous system in embryonic development and in early postnatal life; we will also consider how the brain changes across the lifespan. - Unit 6 Cognition (weeks 11-12). The course concludes with a survey of the association systems of the cerebral hemispheres, with an emphasis on cortical networks that integrate perception, memory and emotion in organizing behavior and planning for the future; we will also consider brain systems for maintaining homeostasis and regulating brain state.
Blood Supply to the Brain
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From the course by Duke University
Medical Neuroscience
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From the lesson
Neuroanatomy: Surface Anatomy of the Human CNS
We now begin in earnest our lessons on neuroanatomy with the surface of the human brain, including a brief run through the cranial nerves and the blood supply to the CNS. In this module, you will learn the basic subdivisions of the vertebrate nervous system; however, your focus should be on the cerebral cortex. Along the way, you will be challenged to "build a digital brain" that should help you generate and improve your mental “model” of the cerebral hemispheres of the human brain. Another great way to refine your mental model is through sketching and crafting, so please do the learning objectives that are designed to help you make visible (and tangible) your understanding of the cerebral hemispheres.
Meet the Instructors
Leonard E. White, Ph.D.Associate Professor
Department of Neurology, Department of Neurobiology, Duke University School of Medicine; Department of Psychology & Neuroscience, Trinity College of Arts & Sciences; Director of Education, Duke Institute for Brain Sciences; Duke University
In this lesson we're going to discuss The means by which blood is supplied to the
human brain. The blood supply to the brain comes from
below, so in order to inspect those vessels, we need to look at the inferior
surface of the brain. Blood is supplied to the brain through 2
major pairs of arteries. Towards the anterior side of the brain,
those arteries are the internal carotid arteries.
Here's the left internal carotid artery and then here is the right internal
carotid artery. These are the two major arteries that
supply what we call the anterior circulation.
The posterior part of the brain and much of the spinal cord is supplied by a
different pair of arteries. These are called the vertebral arteries.
Here is the cut end of the right vertebral artery.
And right next to it is the cut end of the left vertebral artery.
The vertebral arteries contribute what we call the posterior circulation.
So let's talk about these two major circulations to the brain, beginning with
the posterior circulation. These vertebral arteries arise and enter
the cranium. And then they join together to form a
single midline artery called Basilar Artery and that's what we see right about
the junction of the medulla and the pons is where the two vertebral arteries fuse
and then the Basilar Artery runs up along the length of the pons towards the
midbrain. Now along this length of this posterior
supply, there are branches that supply the brainstem and the cerebellum.
Just below this cut end of the vertebral artery is a junction of a branch, right
here, called the posterior inferior cerebellar artery.
So this artery which is cutting this specimen, attached to this right vertebral
artery. The posterior inferior cerebellar artery
supplies As it's name applies the posterior and inferior aspect of the
cerebellar hemisphere, as well as giving rise to branches that supply the lateral
part of the medulla. Now typically, just after the junction of
the vertebral arteries to form the vascular artery We have 2 additional arteries that
supply the brain stem and the inferior part of the cerebellum.
These are called the Anterior Inferior Cerebellar arteries.
In here we see them on either side of the lower portion of the vascular trunk.
So, these, again, are the Anterior Inferior Cerebellar arteries.
Now near the top of the pons where the basilar artery is about to split and form
2 major cerebral arteries, there are two branches that supply the superior surface
of the cerebellum. These are the superior cerebellar
arteries. Here is the left superior cerebellar
artery and then over here, I think you have a better view of this, there's the
right superior cerebellar artery. Now as these arteries wrap around the
brain stem they give rise to short branches that supply the lateral and
dorsal aspects of the mid brain and the pons.
Now along the length of this basilar artery are numerous short branches that
supply the interior structures here within the pons.
And these vessels are very small, very fine, and sometimes they clot and produce
strokes in the brain stem that can have a variety of consequences depending on what
structures are injured. Now let's try to look deep into this
central region on the ventral surface of the brain and see what happens to the
basilar artery. The basilar artery just anterior to the
superior cerebella arteries, splits into two parts.
One branch goes to form the posterior cerebral artery in one side and then the
opposite branch forms the posterior cerebral artery on the other.
Now in order to get a better view of those cerebral arteries We need to look at a
specimen where the brain stem and the cerebellum has been removed.
Here's a specimen where the brain stem and cerebellum has been removed so we can see
what happens to the posterior cerebral artery.
At the top of the basilar trunk. What we see here are the blood vessels
that extend along the inferior surface of the temporal and occipital lobe.
And then along the medial surface of the occipital and temporal lobes here.
These are branches of the posterior cerebral artery.
And right at the junction of the basilar and it's split into a left and right
posterior cerebral artery, there are smaller branches that supply the adjacent
structures here in the mid-brain. Well, that concludes our.
Survey of the posterior circulation. Now let's look at how the posterior
circulation meets the anterior circulation.
So to do that, we need to go back to the specimen where we have a clear view of the
blood vessels of the ventral surface of the brain stem and the diencephalon.
Now we've got our first specimen in the hand again and we want to follow the
posterior circulation to its junction with the anterior circulation.
So again, the posterior circulation arises from the two vertebral arteries that join
to form the basilar artery, which then runs along the mid-line of the pawns and
in the region of the mid-brain, that basilar artery splits into two posterior
cerebral arteries. That supply the inferior surface of the
temporal and occipital lobes. Now, there are short communicating
arteries that connect that posterior circulation to the interior circulation.
And we can see them right here. In this brain they're actually quite
permanent. This is called the posterior communicating
artery. And it connects the posterior cerebral to
the internal carotid. So there we have our right posterior
communicating artery and then on the opposite side we have our left posterior
communicating artery. In this brain, these arteries are quite
symmetrical, but it's not unusual to find a marked asymmetry.
In the dimensions of these 2 posterior communicating arteries.
Okay. So this is the means by which the
posterior circulation meets the anterior circulation, which is derived from our
internal carotid arteries. There's our left internal carotid and our
right internal carotid. So now, let's discuss the anterior
circulation. These two carotid arteries give rise to
two large branches. One branch runs in the anterior direction,
just on top of the... Optic chiasm and that forms an artery call
the Anterior Cerebral Artery. The Anterior Cerebral Artery begins right
there at the tip of my pointer and it continues along the midline of the
hemisphere. And if I gently.
Separate these two hemispheres, we might be able to see the junction of the
anterior cerebral artery, and the mid-line of the hemisphere.
And what happens here is that there are two anterior cerebral arteries.
One that gives supply to the left hemisphere, one that gives rise to the
right hemisphere. And if I gently reflect away the optic
chiasm, I think we can see those arteries as they come together.
And there is a short anterior communicating artery that connects the 2
anterior cerebrals. So just in front of my pointer we see just
a small little touch of an artery that allows the two anterior cerebrals to
communicate. Now to really see the anterior cerebral
artery, what we want to do is we want to look at the midsagittal plane through the
hemisphere and see that artery as it supplies the medial face of the
hemisphere. So now that we have a brain that's been
sectioned in the midsagittal plane, we can see what happened to that anterior
cerebral artery. So here's the anterior cerebral artery...
Right where it is coming off the internal carotid and we see that this anterior
cerebral artery gives rise to branches that wrap around the cerebral cortex on
top of the corpus collosum supplying. This cingulate gyrus and the superior frontal
gyrus, all the way back through the region of the paracentral lobule.
Now, these arteries have been cut right about in this position so we can't follow
them all the way back but I think we can see very nicely how this artery hugs the
medial surface. And so the hemisphere as it supplies the
frontal lobe and the paracentral lobule. In addition to the anterior cerebral
artery, the internal carotid gives rise to one more major arterial supply to the
brain and that's the Middle Cerebral Artery.
In some hemispheres, it appears as though the internal carotid just keeps on going.
Penetrating through this space between the temporal lobe and the frontal lobe.
That space is the lateral fissure. And indeed, once we get beyond the
junction of the anterior cerebral artery. The internal carotid is known as the
middle cerebral artery. And this artery runs through that lateral
fissure. Supplying blood to the temporal lobe, and
the inferior surface of the frontal lobe. And emerges on the lateral surface of the
brain. And underneath this arachnoid tissue, we
can see branches of the middle cerebral artery.
As it supplies roughly the middle central portion of the cerebral hemisphere.
So all of this cortical region, including the central part of the parietal and
frontal lobe. And the superior part of the temporal lobe
is supplied by branches of the middle cerebral artery.
So far, what we've discussed is the arterial supply to the brain.
But to complete this story, we have to talk about the venus drainage of blood to
the brain. And for that, we want to inspect a sample
of dura mater. This is the tough tissue that surrounds
the outside of the brain. In fact, dura mater is one of those great
words in brain anatomy that is exactly what it means.
Dura mater means tough mother. So this tissue is a very tough, leathery
sort of. Protective covering on the outside of the
brain surface. However, in certain places this tissue
separates into two layers that form a venus sinus that allows blood to drain out
of the brain. One such venus sinus is right along the
midline here. So imagine this bit of tissue sitting
around the brain such that the space between the hemispheres would be right
here. So this sinus is called the superior
sagittal sinus. And in fact, on the back part of this
dura, we've, made an opening so that we can see a bit of that sinus space.
In fact, I can put the wooden stick... Right into that sinus.
So that you can see that there is, indeed, a bit of a triangular shaped channel right
along the midline of this tissue. That allows blood to drain from the
cerebral hemispheres. That blood then meets.
Another sinus space which is in the back part of the cranium, right in this region.
This is called the confluence of sinuses, because the superior sagittal sinus and
two other minor sinus systems drain into this receptacle.
And from there the blood flows transversely through another space within this dura
called the transverse sinus. And again, I can put my probe through to
demonstrate this space. Through which blood is leaving the
cranium. So this transverse sinus then forms a
structure called the sigmoid sinus. Which then exits the skull through the
jugular foramen as the jugular vein. And by this system of dural sinuses, blood
is drained from the brain and returned back to the venus vascular system which
enters, then, the heart. And is once again circulated through the
pulmonary vessels. 1 other point about the dura, while it's
in my hand. This is the outer surface of the dura.
And here is that superior sagittal sinus. If we look on the inside.
We see a flap of tissue, called the falx cerebri.
Which forms a bit of a separation between the two hemispheres.
So this bit of dura sits right Between the left and right cerebral hemispheres with
this inferior margin of the falx, being a small, narrow sinus that allows blood to
drain from deep within the brain. And so this bit of tissue sits right on
top of the corpus collosum.
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