So, let's take a deeper dive into some of the 5G functionality. So, again a little brief history lesson what really is 5G. It is the next generation of wireless network. It's in definition now we expect that to be ratified by the standards body in short-term, possibly by the time you've seen this video, that will have taken place. It's going to provide a significant increase in the speed and the capacities at least in order of magnitude, in the capacities over what we have today in the 4G network. Its capacity is going to be augmented also by significantly lower latencies. The protocols themselves will offer the devices to interact with elements deeper in the core of the network and receive results in a lot faster turn-around time than we see possible even from the 4G standard based on the protocols and the implementations of those protocols. We're also going to be able to support that massive amount of devices that we spoke of and provide some capabilities in the network that augment those devices in that slicing that we'll talk about it and we've mentioned before in the past. Then there's also the capability to distribute intelligent to the network is that one of the things that network operators are always concerned about are the analytics and the results of the performance of that network and how they can manage those devices that take place in there. We've touched on the IoT driver several times before in these very remote Edge devices, probably not under the control actually of the service provided themselves, but are going to be generating a wealth of traffic into that environment. That traffic is going to be broken up into two different areas. It's going to be both control traffic and it's going to be data traffic and those elements will be discriminated inside those slices that we've talked about so that we can supplement their performance demands without impacting other elements inside that network from that slicing. So the evolution of this network, we're going to see those use cases. We have challenges initially because of the IoT requirements scenarios we began to look at those level of services based on the applications are in there. There's also some pressure to look at the design of the base stations the radios themselves and distribute some of that functionality in new and interesting ways. Verticals that are going to be supported obviously, we've talked about transportation logistics health care and wellness Smart Cities and utilities that are associated with that industrial enterprise and obviously the connected transportation issues that are there. So, we'll step back and take a look at the numbers. You've heard me say this a couple of times now I believe, but let's take a look at the data to drive this point home when we talk about the number of devices that are going to be connected. Depending on which source so we've got- it's somewhere in that 20 to 50 billion connected devices but the diagram in the upper left hand corner of the slide that you're looking at now shows us the connectivity of those devices as we forecast forward into that 2020 timeframe and you notice that it really is it's non-linear it's increasing in almost an exponential rate that 28 X that we see on those total connected devices is a very disruptive level to anyone who's doing planning and trying to forecast the growth or the demands of the network. Similarly, if we look at the diagram below and look at the data rate, so connectivity that devices in there that need to be managed and operated and monetized from. But then the data rate that is going to place onto the network again we see is very much a nonlinear exponential growth between now and 2020 which is not that far away 70 X increase in the amount of traffic that is flowing through that network. Certainly something that, again, from a planner standpoint, if you think about the equipment that needs to go into the network and the manageability that equipment and network it's not a sustainable model without some transformation that's taking place there. So, again if we look more closely at the IOT traffic that is going to be offering to that network in the enhanced mobile broadband or EMBB and the KPIs. The upper diagram shows us the percentage of traffic of those devices are going to be connected for either the 2G networks, the 3G the 4G and then move forward into the 5G networks, and again, we're looking at that in that five-year time frame we see that- in that 2020 time frame, we start seeing significant growth in those on hands devices that are going to be operating into that network and growing to about 30 percent or more than network in the early 2020 type time frame. Similarly in the lower diagram, the connection requests, so when we think about how these devices really work is that they're constantly pinging the network. They're sending little slugs of data to verify the connectivity to ensure that the network is aware of their activity that's going on even if they're not sending data and those connection requests are a control burst of traffic that's in there and if we look at that again in that in that early 2020 time frame, over 100 X increase in the amount of traffic on that signal exerted the network. Some of these devices are going to very long sleep cycles and this is one of the other factors that is driving a change in the protocols. If we look at the specifications themselves that come out of 3GPP for 4G, these devices are required by spec in order to check in with that network on a very frequent basis and that consumes a lot of energy, a lot of power, battery drain if you want to think of it that way. If you've got a device it needs to survive off of a single battery charge for five years or so, we need to have a protocol specification that allows us to transform the way that works is if a dives goes to sleep for 20 seconds or two or three hours at a time then wakes backup. It's still recognized by the network and doesn't have to go through a long registration process. It consumes more power as what today if you were to try to apply that same device into a 4G or legacy 3G or 2G type of a network. So you may say why are we even talking about 2G or 3G. Certainly in some locales, we've seen the 2G network completely turned off and others we see that the plans exist actually to decommission the 3G network prior to the 2G network. Some of that is because of the devices that exist on the network. Not so much the handsets themselves but there are other devices that exists on a network that for one reason or another, one of them maybe range and another just maybe long term type of contracts. But nevertheless, we do see that the communication obviously nobody's using 1G anymore. But as they move forward, you'll support at least the last generation if not the last generation plus one as you move forward. So we certainly expect in the 5G time frame that you'll see 4G fully supported in some geographies either 3G and/or 2G. So we've laid a little bit of groundwork for what's in the 5G use cases and we've talked about IoT. This spider diagram is a very interesting one and we're certainly not going to try to talk to every one of the elements in here but as we go around the circle on the spider diagram and look at the core of it, you'll notice that the 4G network is fairly strong in the end to end latency and it's fairly strong in a mobility as well as it has some strength and some energy efficiency and currently and certainly has great reliability. But what the 5G standards specification is doing is stretching and balancing those bits of functionality into that network. So for example, the mobile data rates up to 10 terabits per second per kilometer squared from- this is a tower spec don't expect your handset devices to be able to handle that proof from the tower itself. Significantly more capacity than what we see in the 4G network. Similarly, the service deployment time will be improved significantly as well as the peak data rate and then the total number of devices that can be connected to the network. So we're expanding that entire set of functionalities through the specification that are taking place. Then note here the NextGen radio of 5G is not going to be magic, it's not going to beat the laws of physics. We haven't figured out how to do that yet, we probably never will, but nevertheless, it's the next generation, we've learned a lot each of these generations and we continue to move forward. One of the interesting questions that we occasionally get is 5G the last G? Probably not. Is that we certainly expect it to grow and to change and move forward and there is some talk about the features and the capacities of overseeing a network as we move forward from 4G to 5G and 5G to technologies beyond. That's actually not an uninteresting point is that we talk about these as if their quantum leaps, as their incremental steps along the way but specifications actually give us some standards along the way. So when we had 3G and we went to 4G, it wasn't a quantum leap or an integral leap across there, there were some technologies along the way that improved on the original 3G standards as we worked for towards 4G. The same thing is really happening is 4G is continuing to evolve and improve and at some point we're going to just draw a line and very soon we're going to draw a line and go okay, we're done calling this technology 4G and the technology that goes forward will be 5G and we should certainly expect as we go forward, we're going to learn things not only about the applications but about the spec itself, the standards that are in there and there will be enhancements and improvements and just as we've seen in the previous generations, we have no reason to believe that that will not change going forward.
