There are some market trends happening over the last three years of how unlicensed spectrum in those bands typically used by Wi-Fi such as 2.4 gigahertz and five gigahertz can be used. This market trends are about using LTE Technology in those bands particularly five gigahertz. We see three different types of barriers on these. One, is LAA or Licensed Assisted Access. The other is LTE-U or LTE in Unlicensed, and the last one is MuLTEFire. Will see the difference between these three technologies, but why is there a push to use LTE instead of W-iFi in the five gigahertz Unlicensed band? The expectation is that LTE, when you say LTE this Unlicensed bands will bring much better integration with the cellular network, Wi-Fi is a local area network technology. So, for those users that are mobile in their capability of moving between local area network to a wide area network when they are out of reach of the local area network is very interesting. So, that integration with the cellular network is very key capability that LTE brings in that Unlicensed. Also LTE because of the way has been designed provides better mechanisms to deliver quality of service to the users because it's unlicensed. It's very difficult still to guarantee quality of service, but with LTE the expectation is that it will be better at managing quality of service. LTE has also been optimized to provide better radio coverage, and operate better, and more efficiently in denser environments. LTE has also been built with mobility in mind and as such it's a very robust technology. With this some of these are also things that are being improved with 11 AX. The latest Wi-Fi technology that will come next year, so whether this market trends succeed or not will depend on how well 11 AX actually delivers some of these capabilities of providing better radio coverage working better in denser environments etc. But let's look at the differences between LAA or License Assisted Access, LTE in Unlicensed and MuLTEFire. Let's start with LAA, LAA is a 3GPP Technology. It consists on pairing license spectrum with unlicensed, so we typically have two carriers. One is LTE operating in unlicensed spectrum, and that is augmented by using unlicensed spectrum. This unlicensed spectrum is accessed using what is referred to as listen before talk. Listen before talk, is the mechanism that Wi-Fi uses to ensure coexistence and ensure there are multiple WI-FI networks that can coexist in the same space. So, LTE is adopting these mechanisms and using them to ensure there is good coexistence with other Wi-Fi networks in the vicinity. Then we have LTE-U, LTE in Unlicensed. LTE-U operates on the same concept as LAA is you still have an LTE carrier in licensed spectrum and that is also been augmented using LTE in Unlicensed. But, in this case this is done without listen before talk. So, there is a lot of controversy in LTE in Unlicensed because this interesting mechanism that is used in Wi-Fi networks is now been adopted by LTE-U, and therefore the coexistence between LTE-U and Wi-Fi may be compromised. Lastly, we see MuLTIFire. MuLTIFire, is different to LAA and LTE-U, in this case we don't need a license spectrum at all. In this case the device is utilizing LTE Technology only in unlicensed spectrum, and there is no need to use LTE in licensed. MuLTIFire has been built in with listen before talk mechanism to ensure there is good coexistence with other WI-FI users. I also want to mention another Wi-Fi Technology that wasn't mentioned earlier. The reason I didn't group it with the other technologies is that, this is used in very different type of spectrum. Well, before we were talking about 2.4 and five gigahertz, in the case of 11 AD, also known as WiGig. The spectrum used 60 gigahertz, much higher spectrum. 60 gigahertz still unlicensed band, unlicensed pretty much worldwide, and with this, because it's much higher spectrum it's much wider availability of that spectrum, it comes with very, very high peak data rate and peak throughput. This technology also as Wi-Fi takes advantage of the Wi-Fi Alliance and all the certification mechanisms, and the ecosystem enablement that comes with the Wi-Fi Alliance. So, this is also a very popular technology that is being used today in many cases to replace cables, so for example, as a Wireless Display type of technology.
