[MUSIC] Okay. So, expectation is a huge piece of understanding verbal language. And another huge piece is what we call prosody. And prosody is not the semantic content of words. It's the, in English anyway, it's the sing-song, content of wo, words. The non-semantic, the non-linguistic content. So let's first look at how we understand the, the linguistic content. We know that primary auditory cortex is contained in the temporal lobe. And it's on both sides, there is a primary auditory cortex. But on the left side of the brain there is an area back here which is called Wernicke's area. And this is necessary for understanding language. Okay? So for understanding the semantic content of language. And so it, on, one of the big inputs to Wernicke's area is coming from our auditory cortex. And Wernicke's area is then connected to an, a, an area back in the frontal lobe. This is the central sulcus and this area is called Broca's area. And in 90% of us, language is is, is handled by the left hemisphere. Language is a lateralized function. Broca's area, and Wernicke's area are responsible for understanding what words, that are spoken actually mean. Now there is a mirror system over on the right hemisphere. Where there's an area back here which is a responsible for understanding not the the words. But the meaning, the prosody. Understanding prosody. And there is a area up here in an analogous area to where Broca's is on the left, which is responsible for producing prosody. So what is this prosody that I'm talking about? Well, in English prosody is is, is the expression. It's, it's anything that takes us away from a monotone of talking. So if I say to my cats, you're a very, very good girl. Or if I say to my cats, you are such a bad girl. Those two statements to my cat are the same thing, because they share a prosody. The cat does not hear that in one case I said good and in one case I said bad. The cat hears my, my intonation. And, and the same word can have all sorts of different meanings. The same actual semantic word can have different meanings under when it's spoken with different persodic elements. So for example, I can say, I can say good morning. And its, it's a off the cuff, no big deal statement. It's, I say it every day. It sounds routine, it means almost nothing. And I can say good morning. And that has a different, a whole different meaning. That is a, I am communicating something very positive. And then I, I can, I can give it a more negative connotation as well. Good morning. Good morning, not really a good morning. Prosody can be revealing of an underlying intent that the semantic words do not do not speak to. So, in English, prosody is typically, done with, changing the, the timbre or the tone. Changing the frequency of your, of your speech. In languages where frequency is a component of the linguistic, of the semantics. Prosody can be accomplished with changes in rhythm or changes in loudness. And, and in English those are used as, as well. And finally what I, I what I want to say is that we all know that that, damage to Broca's and Wernicke's. Can result in very devastating conditions of aphasia, different, two different types of aphasia. But it shouldn't be overlooked that damage on the right hemisphere can also impact communication. It's not impacting the semantic con, content of communication. But it is certainly impacting prosody. And prosody is such a huge piece of how we actually, of what we actually communicate to each other. That this could be very devastating, when it occurs. Okay, and in the final, segment of this module, we'll talk about. How semantic and prosodic elements interact to produce communication. [MUSIC]
