[MUSIC]. Hello. As we have mentioned in the first module, the support of the media, of the newspapers, was decisive in the organization and success of the first Olympic Congress and the first modern Olympic Games. The Olympic movement was born at the Sorbonne University, a very conservative institution that didn't look favorably upon the organization of Congress for the revival of the Olympics. Pierre de Coubertin established since the very starting an alliance with the media, with a journalists who supported his revolutionary plans. This is clearly illustrated by the following statement: The adherents of the old school groaned when they saw us holding our meetings in the heart of the Sorbonne: They realized that we were rebels and that we would finish by casting down the edifice of their worm-eaten philosophy. It is true, Gentlemen, we are rebels, and that is why the press which has always supported beneficent revolutions has understood and helped us, for which, by the way, I thank it with all my heart. The success of the Olympics was guaranteed in part by the close alliance with the different media. At the same time, the first modern Olympic Games were being prepared, the Lumière brothers presented the cinematograph. A mass press linked to the industrialization and a growing interest for sport had already emerged. In the following years, radio and television appeared. This last media was crucial in the creation of the global Olympics and their funding, as we will see afterwards. The first Olympic Games, the 1896 Athens Olympics, were held almost a year after the presentation of the cinematograph. However, we don't have moving images of the first Olympics. Somebody recorded images of the Paris 1900 Games, but the, International Olympic Committee, is not the owner of those images, according to Llinés and Moreno. These first experiences were very important too because during the first years of the 20th century, the cinematograph created the audiovisual language, the way of narrating through moving images. Until that moment, they had existed several models of popular spectacles that influenced the way in which the cinematograph told stories, such as the theater, the vaudeville or variety show or the circus. The International Olympic Committee owns two films of the 1908 London Olympic Games. The first one is a brief film of the athlete Martin Sheridan, during the discus throw competition and the second one is a general review of the Olympic with scenes of different moments, the great majority of them referring to different competitions. In both films, there wasn't yet an idea of editing and creating or narrating a story. In the case of Martin Sheridan, he only throws the discus. The logic of the current viewers would be that in the following shot, we would see the objective has been thrown. The same happens in the case of the general review of the Olympics, where we can see different shots that are joined together without any interest in being turned into a narration. Four years later, in 1912, the first movie of the Olympics as a sporting event was filmed. Currently, 24 very short videos can be watched on the Olympics website, Olympic.org. But we need to talk about a radio too. During the 1928 Amsterdam Games and 1932 Los Angeles Games, there were some radio broadcastings of the Olympics, althought they had some restrictions, as we will explain. The delays in the development of the radio in relationship with the Games were caused by technical and economical factors. First of all, the nonexistence of transoceanic cable for the radio broadcasting, as well as the lack of a technology to enable the air long distance delivery of the signals, complicated the radio development during the Games. Secondly, the economical issues that blocked the radio expansion during the Olympics where the press lobby in Amsterdam and Los Angeles, as well as the Hollywoods studio crusade against the radio in the case of Los Angeles Games. In Los Angeles 1932, Hollywood Film Industry saw the radio as a serious threat to its domination of the entertainment market, according to Llinés and Moreno. For example, the British lobby press hampered the live radio broadcasting during the Amsterdam Games. The BBC was only able to offer radio-news programmes after 6 in the evening. In Los Angeles 1932, the organizing committee of the Games restricted the radio broadcasting because they feared that the radio could harm the ticket sales to the stadiums and the different venues. Those years, that ticket sales for the sporting competitions was the most important, and almost exclusive, source of income for the organizing committee of the Olympics. [BLANK_AUDIO]
