Hello everybody, and welcome back. The archaeological evidence helps us substantially to understand what happened on the site of Rome in such an ancient time where it's impossible to use the literary evidence. We know that the earliest settlement was at the beginning of the Bronze Age, on this part of this hill, the Capitoline Hill. The inhabited area, slowly expanded through time to the north peak, down to the following Valley and here on the palatine and slowly again all over the area of the famous Seven Hills. At the end of the Bronze Age, this is the situation, just a few sites and a few fragments of pottery like this one, in this area with large jars or cups like this, maybe parts of a settlement on the reach of this lower area here. Near the settlement, they were still, again graves like this one with a large vase here, a jar used for ashes. At the beginning of the Bronze Age, things changed. The settlement on the site of Rome is as large as this. There were, in fact two settlements very close one to the other. The one here in the area of the Montes, and we know its name was Septimontium and another one here in the area in yellow spreading over the Colles, and we don't know its name. On the Palatine by this time, we have the highest number of fines in archaeological terms. Like this grave here on the top of the hill and these large hut on this corner of the hill. It was a large oval hut with the entrance on this side with a roof supported by poles like here, with a minor hut, a fragment of a minor hut in front of it, a pit for storing grain and foods like silos here and tombs all around. By this time, we do not find an evidence separation between the graveyards and the inhabited areas. We have been thinking for a long time that at the beginning of the Iron Age, the settlement was shrinked just to the top of the hills. But now we know, that the inhabited area was already spread over the lowest part of the slope like here. A recent excavation uncovered child graves like this one with two large vases and the body inside. Once again, here the rim of the vases and a body inside. Associated to living or working areas like this one with fireplaces or even more substantial structures like these two clay walls. One here and another one here with post holes for wooden poles inserted in the foundation to support the wall. That can be interpreted as an enclosure wall or a fence surrounding a proper hut with the entrance by this side and we can envision a structure more or less like this. Around the middle of the 9th century, another change occurs. The settlement on the site of Rome is now one, it's larger and is one. The name is once again Septimontium. But now the area of the Colles, is included in this settlement. The settlement is articulated into 27 areas, small area districts, the Curiae in Latin. Remember, this has been a great shift in the burial grounds that had been moved from the core here to the limit of the settlement. Once again, the greatest part of the archaeological evidence, by these phases, is concentrated on the Palatine. Once again, on the northern slope, where we, again, found graves, but just children are now allowed to be buried within the settlement area, like this one here, which had a wooden coffin and fragments of a much more articulated settlement. In recent years on the same slope but closer to the rocky cliff of the hill, we found remains of a number of structures in yellow. You can see here, the clay slope. Here, for example, we have a small ditch which is possibly the limit of a hut with pits inside and post holes outside. Nearby was a second structure with different walls. You can see here the foundation trench with post holes inside. The outer part, there was a kiln, as you can see here at the moment of the excavation. This was a kiln for vases, as you can see here in this section. This is the first fragment of a landscape which we can reconstruct and imagine in long history of this hill. Up on the edge of the valley, which separated the Palatine hill here from the Velian hill down here. After an empty area, maybe for cattle raising or cultivation, down the edge of the rocky cliff, limiting the upper part, there was a small settlement articulated into structures, rectangular smaller one here and a larger one here with a kiln in front. This is the landscape we have to imagine at the very early origin of the settlement on the site of Rome. It was the largest settlement in Latium. It was articulated in districts, but it was about to be abandoned and transformed into something new, a proper City.