[MUSIC] Hello everybody and welcome back, now we know at the beginning of the Late Kingdom, from an archaeological point of view, from the point of view of the landscape is a period of continuity. The changing landscape of the Palatine in particular, testifies the same story. The war is still there, it's on the same line and the gate is restored and upgraded on the same place, as we can see from these slides here. This is the structure of the new wall at the end of the seventh century, and this is the double structure of a new wall again around the middle of the sixth century BC. The sanctuary outside the wall is still enclosed and there's an altar inside, and this is a shot to let you see which kind of network we see in the earth. So each one of these walls represents a different phase in this very long history. And for the first time, the enclosure of this sacred place is decorated with terracotta slabs, as you can see here. This is a very important model for Roman architecture because an altar enclosed by wooden posts is the model represented in the famous are Apaches August. So it's a very old model of sacred areas which is preserved in Roman architecture. The area stays once again the same, also from a sacred point of view and the sacred area is a locus in Alvarado's also, in these phases there's one substantial change. The enclosure is enlarged just at the middle of the sixth century BC, because the valley between the Palatine and the Value Hill is filled up. And the new way the sacred way is built on top of this new field, so the sacred area is enlarged here. Also, the sanctuary of Vester shows a continuity at the end of the seventh century with just a minor but relevant change. This plot here, which was empty until now, is now occupied by a new house, you see the empty plant here, the Sanctuary investor, the sanctuary of the loudest, the Royal House. And now these three plots are still here, the area of Vesta to the sacred area of the Larry's, the plot of the Royal House. But now a new house is appearing, this is possibly because the Roman king is trying to upgrade his way of ruling the city at the same time. In this area outside the sanctuary where a group of minor huts were a new building is created to house the cults of the two major gods generating the king Mars and Jupiter. The King is expelling outside of his house very ancient cults, so this can be interpreted as the house of the new king, and the house of the old King is now turned into the house of a priest. Yeah, this is the house of the old King, this is the hall where we can imagine the cults of Mars and ops were housed, and this is the place where these cults are moved. Now there's a sort of a local status of Roman kingdom at the end of the seventh century BC, so this is the Regia. The new house for the Rex means that the character of this Rex is now different. So we can understand in this case, better the changing system of the political organization of Rome. From an architectural point of view, the structure of the house is also changing and we have now a new model appearing. It's a proper courthouse with halls all around an inner court, at the middle of the sixth century, the valley in between the Palatine Hill and the Valley in Hill is filled up. This is the reason why there is a general reassessment of the whole area, with a new orientation for any building inside. More than this, there's a very important changing in the structure of the Palatine Wall, Rome is now surrounded by a new huge wall. So the old circuit around with the Palatine even very important, even if connected to the memory of the identity of the city, can be canceled. And just a few special stretches of this wall are maintained in a new topographical layout, such as the gates. A new gate is invented where a street was climbing up from the sacred way to the Palatine, this is the archaeological feature we found that can be interpreted. This is the paved street here you can see here along the street, the structure is connected with two rooms, one here and one here. This is once again the slabs of the street, another street climbing up to the Palatine here and the street going down to the sacred way here and here. And this is one room and another room here and through this room, stretched wall was connected. As you can see here and here, all this can be interpreted as a late archaic gate composed of two couples of rooms on each side of one sreet. And this is how we can imagine this kind of structure according to the comparison offered by contemporary walls in ancient Greece and in Italy. Outside this wall, the sanctuary is still in use, but as we've seen its structure changes, there's a new enclosure and there are new alters made of wood. In this case, as you can see from the post holes we have found during the excavation. So this is how we can imagine the topographical relation between the gate and the new sanctuary with the altar here and the new enclosure you can see on the map here. The alter could be rectangular or rounded or at last, the altars are made of blocks, as we can see here with this floor associated here is the altar and here is the floor. This is how the sacred area is now enclosed in the topographical layout, with the sacred way on top of the field of the Old Valley. The new gate representing the memory of the original gate which was here, the new street system heating up from the sacred way to the Palatine. One climbing up this way and one going this way, so we can compare also the different sacred layout from the beginning of the seventh century to the middle of the sixth century here. And then once again, from the middle of the sixth century to the end of the same century. When the original gate is abandoned, a new building is built on top of it, the new let's say Memorial gate is created. In the sanctuary of Vester, we see some changes mainly connected to an upgrading of the building techniques or to the upgrading of the architecture of this building due to the fill of the valley. So this is a new possible plan for the sanctuary of Vester, the plot sacred to the largest, possibly housed already in this phase in the building. But we have just very scanty remains such as this well here and this fragment here, we can imagine a sacred building with the system and the house. The house, which had belonged to the earlier king and now is the house of a priest, the wrecks sacrum, which is now turned on the other side because the sacred way is now running here. There's no more valley in between, which is going to change towards a courthouse, from a courthouse with one open area to a larger house with two quarts inside. And at last, the house of the king, there's a very interesting artifact which helps us in interpreting this building because from the core of this house. There's an underground passage leading directly from the house to the sanctuary of Vester, the only man in Rome who was admitted within the sanctuary. Vesta was originally the king and then the Pontifex Maximus, so this should have been a very special house. We know that the kings lived near the sanctuary of Vester and then the Pontifex Maximus lived along the sacred way. And this is how we can imagine the whole landscape with the sanctuary outside the gate, the sacred way, the street leading up to the palate in the House of the King. The new house of the new kings and the house of the wrecks sacrum, the former house of the previous kings. By this time, the archaeological feature on the Palatine is increasing, we can tell the landscape in much more detail now, especially on this side of the hill where new houses are built for the first time. As you may remember, this had to be an empty area because the wall was crossing right this way, so it was impossible to build something on each side of this wall. Now the wall is destroyed, a memorial gate is built up here, so there's more space to be filled in with new buildings possibly belonging to families connected to the Royal House. This is how these kinds of houses might look like, this is in some sense the ancestor of the proper Roman house already centered on this huge hall called the Atrium, with a system inside. This is a model very attested in the Trulia but now it appears for the first time in Rome. This is once again the layout of the area atrium, atrium and gardens on the side, or at the back of the houses, like here and here. And this is how we can imagine this kind of structure huge houses with maybe the second floor on the front side here and here. And these are once again the comparisons we've found from metro area from the sixth century BC, and from the beginning of the fifth century BC here. And this, once again, is how we can imagine this kind of landscape seeing from the upside you can see the four houses we've been able to identify. And the stretch of the new wall created to preserve the memory of the foundation, so now we see how even the changing landscape has to preserve the original elements. All these elements can be fairly dated to the middle of the eighth century BC. So we understand why the late kingdom is just the upgrading on the one hand and the preservation on the other hand of a much earlier history, thank you very much. [SOUND]
