[LAUGH] [MUSIC] >> Hello, everybody and welcome back. At the end of the sixth century, the Roman kingdom is coming to an end. In the year 509 the Roman army and the Roman King are fighting against the Latin people in Ardea. The king's son one night goes and rapes a noble Roman lady who was living in Galatia in the north of Latium. She was the wife of a very noble man, a companion of the king and possibly a relative. Yeah, this lady, after the rape waits for her husband to come back home and she kills herself. This man and the other men of the noble Roman families swear to get rid of this king. So they create a new form of government, the republic where the Senate is ruling with the aid of two new magistrates. The consoles ruling just one year in couple. From this point on, there's a long period of unrest in the history of Rome because on the one hand, the city has to fight to survive. The Latin people surrounding Rome now revolt against her power. On the other hand, now there starts a very long period of social struggles, the noble part of the city. The noble families do not want to share the power with the lower part of the city, the so called plebes, or the plebe. So the plebe are prevented from being elected Magistrates, from being part of the Senate and from managing the landscape. In the core of the city, the old place of political assembly is renewed due to the birth of a third assembly, the committee attribute to which probably housed in this place. And we have a new platform for the orators being here for the first time. And this is the wall still visible, retaining this platform on this side. More than this, the Roman Forum is the place where just the nobles, the noble families, could found new buildings such as this temple here and this temple here, each one on each side of the new square. This is how we can figure out a fifth century temple. This is the temple of the castorres with a huge podium, its columns just in front of it, the wooden roof, the so called open pediment and the terracotta decoration in front of it as you can see here. In the first year of the new state, the huge temple of Jupiter on the top of the Capitoline Hill is inaugurated. At the base of the same hill the small sanctuary here is upgraded once again, but soon after, it's abandoned and destroyed, and the whole area is covered by a very thick fill more than 4 meters thick. A huge new podium is created sustaining two new temples as you can see here. At the same time, the plebian part of the people try to have their monument as well. So at the foot of the Aventine here, near the Circus Maximus, the plebian part of the people create a new sanctuary, the Aedes, Cereris, Liberi and Liberaeque. We have no more remains of this temple, but we know it was here. And this is how we can figure out this kind of temple. The only other scanty remains of this very important period but not so much attested by an Archaeological point of view comes from the upside part of the city along the wall on the, hill. Here from the inside of the city, we have this fragment of an anti fix of the late sixth century from the necropolis area. We have this wonderful torso in clay, maybe a fragment of the pediment of a temple. And later on, the first painted graves, like this one in this area here. Things were about to change once again. In the course of the second century, Rome could get rid of her enemies in the West like Carthage and conquer Greece in the east. So in the next century, Rome will be the real master of the world, and a new story is about to begin. Thank you very much. >> [LAUGH]