Hello everybody, and welcome back. Since the end of the first century AD, the Palatine, as you can see here, once again, is turned into one Palace. The seat of the imperial power is now enlarged and occupies the top of the hill. Nonetheless, new changes are about to occur in this period, since the end of the first century AD, until the end of the Roman Empire. Especially in this area here. We see now a huge palace originating from the public part of the house of the first emperor with a private part, public part, and a stadium for the horse races. A new stadium will be built right here, as we can see in a while. This is how the Palatine Palace looked at the end of the second century AD. An addition here, the new area for horse racing is here, and the new temple here. This is the area for the horse races created at the beginning of the second century AD. If you compare the different plans of the first century AD here, and the second century AD here you can feel the change. This part, the lower part of this green area, has been turned into an entirely new monument. The structures of the rest of this area here, and this one, stayed more or less the same. At the beginning of the third century, an emperor from Africa was acclaimed. He was acclaimed by the soldiers. An African man comes to be the Emperor of Rome. He decided to enlarge once again this palace and to create something special on this spot here. This is the point where people coming from Africa, traveling along the Appian Way would have reached Rome and would have seen the imperial palace for the first time. This was the entrance for the residents of the emperor. Here a huge fountain is built with basins, and this colonnade supporting nothing just to show the greatness of the Empire with an image of the emperor here as you see. Septimius Severus with the River Tiber at its foot to indicate the persistence of the seat of the power in Rome. A few years later on, one of the younger emperors Elagabalus, is divinized. A new temple is built in this area where Nero, for the first time, had created a pavilion of the imperial palace in the first century AD. This is what this temple would have looked like, with porticoes all round and gardens, and the temple right in the middle. Once again, the archaeological features are quite scanty. We have this huge foundation in this part here supporting an upper part of the porticoes, but once again, we have images aiding us to imagine how this temple would have looked. You can see it's clearly a temple with the gate and the porticoes all round, just like we've tried to do here: the entrance, the porticos, and the temple. In the fourth century AD, the empire was beginning to be a Christian empire, but at the same time, the power of the emperor was threatened by new additions to the Palace or transformation of the palace itself in this area here, and in this one here. This is the entrance to the private part of this building, but this huge garden where the ruins of the Republican temple stood. Here a huge hall like this one is created. It's like a huge Curia where the emperor could host people visiting him. Even in the most private part of the Imperial seat, a special space to celebrate the emperor is created once again. But this huge building also had buildings for leisure, like this new Thermae created in the southwest corner of this palace. It's quite small, but a typical Roman bath with this route here, from the heating room to the cold room. Very substantial remains of this building were still visible in Renaissance Rome as you can see from this engraving here of 1561. Once again, this was the beginning of the end. In more or less one century, the Roman empire would be over, and different buildings are going to invade the seat of imperial power, like churches or private residences, as we shall see in the following lessons. Thank you very much.