Welcome to a presentation on taeniasis, due do, due to Taenia Saginatum. Taenia Saginatum is also known as the beef, tapeworm of man. My name is Mramba Nyindo, together with the Jovin Kitau, we prepared this presentation. We are the Kilimanjaro Christian Medical University College in Moshi, Tanzania. You're welcome. Taeniasis. Humans are definitive hosts of Taenia saginata. Usually, infected humans show few symptoms of disease due to, infection of the Taenia saginata. There could be, intestinal obser obstruction. There could also be abdominal discomfort, from a large population of Taenia saginata, in the intestines. Presence of pro, proglottids crawling out of the anus, is highly embarrassing and unsightly situation when it occurs. These proglottids can exit through the air, anus and consciously, and other people watching or seeing you with Taenia proglottids on your thigh or clothes is a very embarrassing situation. How do we acquire, Taenia saginata infection? By eating under cooked beef containing these, cysticercus bovis metacestodes. In the stomach, the larva is digested out of the meat. I may say a few things here, I was in United States. Where we are given eh, Ponderosa Steak House for example, you will be asked whether you want your, your steak rare, medium, or well done. Rare, beef if it contains cysticercus bovis you'll get an infection. In the African situation most people like their steaks. Well done. The larva evaginates in the small intestine of humans, and the scolex would attach to the intestinal wall. There are excretory products, for example serine and cystine endopeptidases. And these will facilitate the scolex attachment, to the intestine muscosa. Growth to the adult worm proceeds from the neck backwards, by a continuous lengthening chain of proglottids. Actually proglottids, the, the, the, the last one is the gravid one. And that will detach, and go out to the feces. It may take six months for adult Taenia saginata to reach maturity. Note that each Taenia saginata will cestodes has 1,000 to 2,000 proglottids, it's a long thing, it's a tapeworm. But each gravid proglottid, is evacuated with feces. And each one of these segments, could contains 50,000 to 80,000 infective eggs, large population of eggs. Let's now look at the cow, the cattle. They will, cattle, ingest Taenia saginata eggs in contaminated food or water. Contaminated by who? Human being excretor. We are a source of infection of cattle. In the intestine of, in the intestinal, in the intestine of cattle, the oncospheres will penetrate the wall, they will reach blood vessels, and they are carried to various parts of the body. The onchospheres prefer to lodge, where heart muscles, masseter muscles and the biceps muscle. These are muscles which are always active. They like to lodge there, and when they settle there, they are known as cysticercus bovis metacestods. These, I've seen them personally at slaughterhouses. They are visible to the naked eye. They are unsightly. And, you get infected with those things if you eat undercooked meat. Therefore, humans are source of cattle infections as they for swine infection with Taenia solium. This is serious, we are the, people. We are people who infect our own animals. The question is this. Is this zoonosis in reverse? Go and ask the cow, or the pig. This comes from the end of this very short presentation, interesting, embarrassing at some times. You're most welcome for participating. Goodbye.