[MUSIC] I presented the global energy context. Now I will describe in this part the different uses of solar energy. What are the main characteristics of solar energy? First, it is very abundant, as we have seen. Thus incident energy at the top of the atmosphere represents roughly 10,000 times the world consumption. If we take, for example, France's annual electricity consumption corresponds to the production of 2,000 square kilometers of solar panels. That is to say, less than 1% of the territory without taking into account the. The conception of a family corresponds to approximately 20 square meters of solar panels. Solar energy is abundant, but diluted. For example, a photovoltaic module produces at best with the Sun about 200 watts per square meter with current technologies. It is also intermittent. Solar energy is very low at night, only depends on sunshine considerably. We now present the world map of the solar resources. You can see that solar power is excellent between latitude 10 degrees to 40 degrees, which corresponds to most of the world's population as seen on the projection. It is clearly very abundant in central and south Africa, Middle East, western United States, Australia, and in coastal areas of South America. We see that it decreases slightly near the equator. The equatorial region is very rainy, and therefore, sunshine decreases due to the presence of clouds. In summary, solar energy is reasonably usable, except in the blue areas of the figure. In Europe, solar power is much stronger closer to the Mediterranean. It decreases by a factor of two between Mediterranean and [INAUDIBLE] such as north of Scotland and Scandinavia. Solar energy is abundant in the Mediterranean, in southern Turkey, Spain, and southern Italy because of the Mediterranean climate. Particularly the southeast of France is rather comparable to south Italy, not to the north. Specifically in France, solar energy is important in this southeastern edge, which extends approximately from to included. There is a presence of an Atlantic micro-climate, especially in even in southern Brittany. However, there is a factor 1.5 to 2 between the less favored regions such as North Pas De Calais and. We know present the various technologies used to convert solar radiation. First, photovoltaic, PV, will be the object of the course. It's a direct generation of electricity from solar photons. At this point, we do not detail the principle of PV. This is only a particular form of the use of solar energy. There are, of course, the thermal forms to absorption of radiation heats the [INAUDIBLE], which is usually stored in a tank at moderate temperature. This is a case, for example, of solar water heaters, which are shown here of solar floors. In order to obtain higher temperature, sunlight is focused using mirror plates, typically 50 meters square, which reflects the sunlight on the boiler at the top of a tower. Electricity can be thermally generated by this technique, called CSP. It is also possible to produce fuels from sunlight, hydrogen, for example. There also was natural air condition by photosynthesis producing biomass. Coming back briefly on solar thermal energy, solar thermal energy can be purely passive as shown here. Winter heating and summer cooling. In the winter, the sun is low high feature. The greenhouse effect warms your air of the heater located at south of the house. Then the house, especially the rooms upstairs, will be heated by natural convection. The south wall of concrete is usually used for daylight storage. Water balloons can be added if necessary. In summer, the Sun is high, the windows of the porch is blocked to avoid excessive temperature. In contrast, cold air is introduced, producing a natural cooling effect. This figure shows the low temperature of solar thermal, usually less than 200 degrees. For example, this is of the order of 50 to 80 degrees for solar water heaters with storage in the tank. It typically requires a square metal panel on 60 liter of storage per person. Other applications are possible, such as drying in Africa, cooking, and so on. Thank you. [MUSIC]