[MUSIC] I presented the global energy context, now I will describe in this part the difference uses of solar energy. What are the main characteristic of solar energy? First, it is very abundant, as we have seen. Thus the incident energy at the top of the atmosphere represents roughly 10,000 times the world consumption. If we take the example of France, the annual electricity consumption corresponds to the production of 2,000 square kilometers of solar panels. That is to say, less than 1% of the territor0y, without taking into account the intermittence. The consumption of a family corresponds to approximately 20 square meters of solar panels. Solar energy is abundant, but diluted. For example, a photovoltaic module produces at best with the sun about 200 watts per square meter with current technologies. It is also intermittent, solar energy is very low at night, and it depends on sunshine considerably. We now present the world map of the solar resources. You can see that solar power is excellent between latitude 10 degrees to 40 degrees, which correspond to most of the world population as seen on the projection. It is clearly very abundant in Central and South Africa, Middle East, Western United States, Australia and in coastal areas of South America. We see that it decreases slightly near the equator. The equatorial region is very rainy, and therefore sunshine decreases due to the presence of clouds. In summary, solar energy is reasonably usable except in the blue areas of the figure. In Europe, solar power is much stronger close to the Mediterranean. It decreases by a factor 2 between Mediterranean and regions such as the north of Scotland and Scandinavia. Solar energy is abundant in the Maghreb, in southern Turkey, Spain, and southern Italy, because of the Mediterranean climate. Particularly the southeast of France is rather comparable to southern Italy, not to the north. Specifically in France, solar energy is important in the southeastern edge, which extend approximately from [FOREIGN] to Savoie included. There is a presence of an Atlantic micro-climate, especially in [FOREIGN], even in southern Brittany. However, there is a factor, 1.5 to 2 between the least favored regions, such as [FOREIGN] and [FOREIGN]. We now present the various technologies used to convert solar radiation. First, photovoltaic PV will be the object of the course is the direct generation of electricity from solar photons. At this point, we do not detail the principle of PV. This is only a particular form of the use of solar energy. There are of course the thermal forms, the absorption of radiation which is usually stored in the tank at moderate temperature. This is the case for example of solar water heaters, which are shown here, or solar flows. In order to obtain higher temperature sunlight is focused using mirror plates, typically 50 meter square, which reflect the sunlight on the boiler at the top of a tower. Electricity can be thermally generate by this technique called CSP. It is also possible to produce fuels from sunlight, hydrogen for example. There's also otherwise natural conversion by photosynthesis producing biomass. Coming back briefly on solar thermal energy, solar thermal energy can be purely passive, as shown here, winter heating and summer cooling. In winter, the sun is low, right picture, the greenhouse effect warms the air of a veranda located at south of house. Then the house, especially the rooms upstairs, will be heated by natural convection. The south wall of concrete is usually used for daylight storage, weather balloons can be added if necessary. In summer, the sun is high. The windows of the porch is blocked to avoid excess heat temperatures. In contrast, cold air is introduced producing a natural cooling effect. This figures shows the low temperature solar thermal, usually less than 200 degrees. For example, this is of the order of 50 to 80 degrees for solar water heaters with storage in the tank. It typically requires a square meter panel on 60 liter of storage per person. Other applications are possible, such as drying in Africa, cooking and so on, thank you. [MUSIC]