In this last part of the first chapter, we'll take stock of the current international situation of the photovoltaic technology. We also discuss the forecast of future developments in the global context. To compare the various sources of electrical power, it's necessary to introduce the concept of load factor. This factor, defined as shown on this slide, connects the annual energy generated to the installed power for a type of power plant. This factor is very high for nuclear, 90 percent on fossil fuels. It is generally limited by the capabilities of the equipment failure, maintenance and so on. On network requirements, over capacity. This load factor is much lower for renewable sources because of the intermittency, 21 percent for wind. It increases slightly with storage, it's slower for photovoltaics and wind because of the alternation of day and night. For solar energy, it increases with sunshine. In this concept, we use for PV, watt peak which correspond to the sun exposure at noon solar under standardized conditions. The evolution of the global PV market is shown in this figure. The increase in installed capacity each year continues to rose exceeding 100 gigawatt per year. The installed PV power has been multiplied by 40 between 24 on 2014. The rows of the PV installation is mostly related to the rows of utility scale. However, an increase of the off-grid application can be expected in the near future due to the electrification of developing countries, in particular, in Africa. I will show later. This night satellite photo reveals the global weak electrification of Africa. Most of the African people don't have access to electricity right now. Grid connection, that is general characteristic in Europe, affects only a small part of the African territory. This figure illustrates the growth of the off-grid PV capacity in the near future. Off-grid capacity in developing countries of Africa and Asia, will almost triple reaching over three gigawatts in 2022. From industrial applications, solar home system, SHS, on mean grades, all forces growth, represent a small share of the total installed PV capacity over the next five year. SHS are focused to bring basic electricity services to almost 70 million people in Asia and Sub-Saharan Africa. Let's come back to the comparison of the various renewable sources to the world electricity mix. This figure from IEA, reveals a bright future for renewable sources with a forecast capacity to expand by over 900 gigawatts in 2022. Solar PV, isn't really a new era. For the next year, solar PV represents the largest annual capacity additions for renewable well above wind and hydro. The renewable capacity growth by country are comparing this figure. China alone is responsible for over 40 percent of global renewable capacity growth. Today, China represents half of the global PV demand while Chinese companies account for around 60 percent of total annual solar cell manufacturing capacity globally. China is also the world market leader in PV, hydropower, bioenergy for electricity and heat on electrical vehicles. The evolution of the accumulated PV capacity is shown in this figure. The 500 gigawatt threshold is now overtaken. The installed capacity was dominated by Europe, mostly Germany. Now, China is becoming the world leader for PV capacity. As a remark, according to the values growth scenarios of PV, this figure displays the annual solar additions, dashed line, as compared to values forecast scenarios. The color represents the forecasting year. The observed gross of PV, systematically exceeds the values of forecast scenarios. At this point, the PV can be summarized in a few figures. The peak power of one kilowatt typically corresponds to module area of five to six meter square, with existing silicon technology. A one kilowatt PV generator, generates annually between 1,000 and 2,000 kilowatt hours depending on the sunlight. The global installed capacity was 65 gigawatts in 2012, and now clearly exceeds 500 gigawatts in 2019. The price of PV electricity has experienced a very sharp decline in recent years. We'll talk about this at the end of the course. China is now becoming the world leader of PV. PVs in employment field is huge and growing. Photovoltaics is a clean undiluted energy available everywhere. PV does not emit greenhouse gases during the operating period of up to 30 years even more. Operating cost are very low, because there is no fuel or moving parts that require regular maintenance. The technology is highly reliable, the energy payback times measures your producer and time required for cleaning the initial energy consumption, required for production of the module. This time is of the order of one or two years depending on the sunlight. The silicon-based material is of unlimited resource. It is easily recyclable, as will be seeing later. PV operates at ambient temperature, it does not require a water consumption for cooling, in can be rather easily adapted in buildings, the scalability of the technology is impressive. Finally, PV is not related to geopolitical risk such as nuclear power for instance. However, we can mention some possible disadvantages. In the case of some thin films, there was a toxicity of cadmium, heavy metal. However, thin fin generally one micron thick, use very little amount of material. It is the same for doping gases used in the layers of silicon, used in very small quantities. We have developed the panorama of the photovoltaic on solar energy in the global climate on energetic contexts. We will subsequently come in the thick of things. That is to say, that we will know treats the solar resource on the solar cells mostly based on crystalline silicon. Thank you.
