I want to move in the, in the 20 minutes or so that remain, I would like to move from the Pantheon in Rome to Hadrian's home. Not his home in Rome, which is, we've mentioned was the [COUGH] Palace of Domitian on the Palatine Hill, but his Rome at Tivoli, his his villa at Tivoli. Tivoli, ancient Tibur, we've talked about Tivoli many times before with the marble, the Travertine Quarries are located. Tivoli is about of, well I don't know, 40 minute drive from Rome today, kind of high speed drive from Rome today. But in antiquity longer obviously but not inaccessible from Rome. It was Hadrian obviously had no problems getting there in ancient Roman times. It's an extraordinary place and Hadrian it was, it was a place that Hadrian used as a kind of incubator for his architectural ideas. And it's highly likely that many of the, of the, of the buildings that we see there were designed in part by him, especially those famous pumpkin domes. because we're going to see that a number of these buildings do indeed have pumpkin domes designed under the influence of the architecture of Liverius. It's an amazing villa. It is the most extensive villa preserved from the Roman world and likely the most grand of all the Roman villas. And if we think back to Nero's palace in Rome, what made Nero's palace in Rome so scandalous was the fact that it was located in downtown Rome. But if you compare Nero's palace to [COUGH] to Hadrian's villa at Tivoli, there's no comparison between the two. Hadrian's villa at Tivoli is much more extensive. It has a much more extraordinary buildings from the architectural standpoint, and it was decorated even more opulently with a wide variety of sculptures, mosaics, and paintings. It was clearly an extraordinary place and if, if Trajan's Forum was in a sense a microcosm of the extent of the empire under Trajan, I like to think of Hadrian's Villa as the empire under Hadrian. The empire that he travelled around so many times, and I show you in the upper right, a map of the Roman Empire. All of that orange area is the area that was under Rome's aegis at the time of Trajan and into the years of Hadrian. And if you look closely you will see three colored lines, a yellow, a blue, and a red line. Those are Hadrian's travels around the empire and it shows you how extensive they were. He went everywhere. Why? Because he loved to travel. He just loved to travel but he also went in order to take a look at provincial affairs at first hand. Now everywhere he went he either he himself paid for buildings that were erected or more often than that. Buildings were put up by local local magistrates and so on, local cities in honor of Hadrian in order to try to get a favor out of him, or just to honor him on his visit. Some of these were rushed, you know, put up in a, in a rushed job in order to be there when he arrived on the scene. So we see this incredible array building activity during this period. And we will see that reflected as we make our way beginning already next week. Make our way into the provinces, we will begin to see some very interesting Hadrianic buildings in those provinces that reflect what he was doing elsewhere in Rome. But what we see here, what we see at the villa is fascinating. Because all of us, we're just back from break, some of you did some traveling. We know that traveling expands all of our horizons. We go someplace, experientially we're different than we were before by what we see and what we experience. And we also maybe not in this new economic climate but at least in the past, we all tended to pick up souvenirs. You know, a t-shirt here and a whatever there, handbag there. And and we bring those back to remind us, remind us to make us, you know have memories of, of the wonderful trip that we took. Well Hadrian did that as well. He collected souvenirs. But because of his own wealth and because he had the imperial treasury behind him he could, he could collect buildings as souvenirs essentially. So when Hadrian traveled and saw what he liked, what he did was he came back to this laboratory, this architectural laboratory that he had at Tivoli. And he either created, some of these were probably designed by him, others by his architects, he created a series of buildings that were in a sense souvenirs of his travels, either exact duplicates of things he saw, or variations on those themes and it makes these buildings particularly fascinating to look at. The, the villa of Hadrian was, had three, three, essentially three building phases, and early, a middle, and a late. They span the entire entire reign of Hadrian. this, this villa was clearly Hadrian's hobby as well as his home, and if he hadn't died in 138 he would have undoubtedly continued to build here. So these buildings go up throughout the course of Hadrian's reign. I show you a view from the air of the villa as it looks today. You can see that there are a series of very attractive pools of water interspersed with architecture. If we look at a plan of the villa you will see that it is different than any other villa we've seen before in that these buildings are actually kind of casually almost in an ad hoc way, arranged around nature to interact with nature. We don't see the axiology and the symmetry that is so characteristic of so much of Roman architecture. They kind of meander along as you might expect architectural experiments to man, to meander. And it has everything there. Not only pools but a wide variety of buildings that I'm going to show you fairly fleetingly. This great island villa over here. The Piazza d'ora, d'oro or the Golden Plaza. The there're two sets of baths, a large bath and a small bath. You also see a stadium here, hairpin shaped that I am not going to return to. The Canopus another pool. This was so complete that it even had its own hades, its own hell in the villa. Everything was here. Hadrian left no stone unturned. I want to show you in fairly quick succession examples of the most interesting buildings of these tourist souvenirs that Hadrian brings back from his travels. The first I'd like to show you is the so-called Temple of Venus, which belongs to the latest building phase at the villa, 133 to 138. This is Hadrian Philhellene once again, just as we saw him at the Temple of Venus and Roma. He goes to the Greek island of Knidos, K-N-I-D-O-S. The Greek island of Knidos, on which there was the most famous round Temple of Venus with the most famous Greek statue of Venus, a statue by the great Greek sculptor Praxiteles. Lots of people went to see it and interestingly enough it was, this, temple and the statue excavated a number of decades ago by a woman, a female archeologist with the perfect name, Iris Love, for the goddess of love, and that was really her name. Destined to go excavate the the temple of the goddess of love on the Greek island of Knidos. Hadrian goes there. He's enraptured by what he sees. He builds at his villa an exact replica. An exact replica of this Greek round temple. You can see it's the Doric order. You can see it supports triglyphs and metopes, and then in the center a statue of Venus, unfortunately now headless and armless. That's a cast, the original is in the museum on the site. You see it. In the museum on the site over here based on Praxiteles earlier statue. There are lots of copies of this famous Praxitelean statue. We see another one here in the Vatican that's more complete, gives you a better sense of what it look like. But again, here are the Doric columns and the triglyphs and metopes so the most important point for you, an exact replica in this particular case.
