Good morning everybody. In the last couple of lectures we have looked at what happened when Rome took over civilizations that were older than Rome's own and arguably even more advanced than Rome's own. And what happened, of course, was an interesting mix between the architecture and the architectural forms that the Romans brought with them and what they found in these highly developed civilizations, and the interesting mix that came about because of that. But we've also taken a look at at what happens when Rome went out and created cities essentially from scratch, built cities where there had been no cities before. and, and, and what happened as a result tended to be cities that looked very much in the Roman stamp. And we're going to look at a number of those cities today, in the Western provinces of the empire, in fact, to see what happens again when Rome builds cities from scratch in that part of the world. And, as I mentioned already, the distinctive stamp, this distinctive Roman stamp that they had. But at the same time there is always some impact from the local civilization. And to mention, in passing, that at least in the part of the world that we'll be concentrating on today, especially in Gaul, ancient Gaul, the Celtic tribes, were, were, were foremost there, and we do see that some of the impact of those tribes makes itself felt, as well as tribes, in other parts of this part of the ancient Roman world. Just as a reminder, I want to show you again a couple of the monuments that we looked at last time, when we were talking about Greece and about Athens under the Romans. And I remind you, for example on the left hand side of the screen, of this temple of Olympian Zeus, the Olympieion in Athens, which was begun already in the Archaic Period, the Greek Archaic Period. Continued to be built up or, those, the patrons tried to complete it in the course of the Hellenistic Period into the Augustine Period and ultimately, as you'll remember it was completed under the emperor Hadrian. So, a building with a very long history and a very distinctive style. And when it was completed under Hadrian of course, you'll recall that it looked entirely Greek very similar to what it had, it would have been in the Hellenistic period. So those again the Greeks holding very tenaciously to their own plans to their building materials and indeed to the kinds of architects and artisans to carve them that, that had been carving them for centuries. We also took a look at the building on the right hand side of the screen, which is the Horologion of Andronicus, or the Tower of the Winds. And you'll remember in this case that the civilization that had impact on it was another firmly entrenched civilization, and that is that of Egypt. We talked about the fact that while the date of this monument is controversial, it might be second century BC, it might be Cesarean, or even into the Augustan period, it's controversial. But we talked about the fact that even though the date is controversial, that the monument itself was built under very strong influence from Ptolemaic Egypt. The Ptolemaic Egyptians particularly intrigued, for example by clocks, this was a water clock, as you'll remember, and by these abstruse, identifications of abstruse winds, male winds that we see in the upper-most parts. So again, the impact of two very high civilizations, the Greek civilization and the Egyptian civilization on Roman architecture in the eastern part of the world. Today we're going to go west and we're going to look at Roman architecture in a variety of places including, and it's a beautiful place, it's including the south of France, a series of cities, and I'll point those out to you in a moment. In the north of Italy, so the north of Italy, the south of France, into Spain, into what is now Spain. And then also we will dip into, an area called Istria, which is the uppermost part of what is now Croatia, where a place by the name of Pula is located. So those western provinces will be our, the area that we're going to concentrate on today. Now any of you who've traveled in this part of the world know that it is extraordinarily beautiful. And I show you just one example of that. When you go along the French Riviera, for example, you see places as sophisticated as Monte Carlo, with its yachts moored here, and of course with its glittering nightlife and its extremely famous casino, the casino at Monte Carlo. There are also other wonderful cities to visit along here. Modern cities such as that of Villefranche which you see here and its, its fabulous pastel colored houses with boats that are not quite as magnificent as those at Monte Carlo, but nonetheless very picturesque, a wonderful place to visit. So it's not a hardship, to have to travel and look at, at Roman antiquities in the south of France. I want to begin, though, with northern Italy. With a city in the north of Italy, a city, at a place called Aosta. It's the first on your monument list for today. A, a city that was, that was founded by the Romans in 24 B.C., in the time of Augustus, and therefore it won't surprise you to hear that it's ancient roman name was Augustus Pretoria. Augusta Pretoria the modern city of Aosta and it was the last colony that the Romans founded in Italy, the last colony. And it's interesting to see, therefore that this last Roman colony in Italy takes almost exactly the shape of, of the first roman colony in Italy. You'll remember the city of Ostia, which the Romans founded in 350 B.C. and the way in which it conformed to the typical castrum plan. We see the same thing here. We see this typical castrum plan for a Aosta. A rectangle. A regular rectangle laid out according to Roman surveying practice. We see that the two major streets of the city, the cardo and the decumanus, meet in the center, and that at that intersection of those two main, two main streets, we see the location, as it should be, of the Forum, most like. You see a question mark there, so we're not absolutely sure, but we think the Forum was located there. If you look at around at the rest of the city it was very regularly laid out with a series of buildings that we've become accustomed to seeing in a typical Roman city, when a typical Roman city is built from the basics. You see the baths here, you see a temple up there with a cryptoporticus. You see a theater and you see an amphitheater. This site, by the way, spectacularly located in the Italian Alps. It's at the intersection of two major trade routes in the Saint Bernard Passes, as you can see from this plan that comes from Ward-Perkins. And what you can also see that's typical of these cities that the Romans built from scratch around the western part of the Empire is that fact that the city is ringed with walls and that it has a series of gates, the openings of which you can also see in this excellent plan. Now I can show you also from the city of Aosta a surviving Roman arch, one of those gateways in fact from the city that we know dates to the age of Augustus. So we give it a date, the same date, roughly 24 B.C. You see it here. You see, if you remember, the arches that we've discussed from the Augustan period in the past, you'll, you'll note right off that this is very consistent with other, Augustan arch design. By that, I mean, it has one single arcuated bay in the center, flanked on either side by pedestals, wide, wide pedestals that have a set of double columns on either side as you can see here. The major difference between this and an arch that might have been put up in Rome at the same time in the Augustan period is the fact that it is made out of local stone which is characteristic of so much of provincial Roman architecture, and will be the case for most of the buildings that we look at today. The attic is gone. There's a modern roof on top of the structure. The ancient attic is gone. But you can imagine that it would have had a fairly traditional attic with an inscription at the apex and probably some kind of sculpture crowning the monument in antiquity. Now there's one detail that has to do with the orders that are used here, that is different from any other arch that we've seen before. And I wonder if any of you notice, what that is? The columnar orders. They are what? Doric, Ionic, or Corinthian? >> Corinthian. >> Corinthian. Okay. Everyone agrees they're Corinthian? You're absolutely correct, but what is strange about the fact, if you look above those Corinthian columns, what do you see that doesn't usually go with Corinthian columns? The triglyphs and the metopes. The triglyphs and the metopes tend to accompany the Doric order. So this is very interesting we see this mixing of the orders here. The use of of Corinthian columns, but a Doric frieze with triglyphs and metopes. You'd never see that in Rome itself but what it is is an interesting playing around with the with the Canonical orders that have been passed from Rome to this part of the world. This particular architecture patron or the city itself, whoever was the patron of this particular monument, made the decision to go in a somewhat different route. So an interesting mixing of the orders, an eccentric arch in that regard but in every other conforming quite closely to what we would see in in Rome, the city of Rome, contemporaneously.
