Hermeneutical principal number 15, the ancient phenomenological perspective of nature: The living organisms. Now that we can fully appreciate how ancient people viewed the structure and operation of the heavens and the earth from an ancient phenomenological perspective, it should not be surprising that they also viewed plants and animals in a similar way. Therefore, to define this principle, it deals with living organisms as they appear to the naked eye and the natural senses. A quick view of the first half of this course shows that we've been using this principle. In ancient botany, the mustard seed is the smallest of all seeds, and seeds died before they germinate. This is what ancient people perceived. Similarly, in ancient reproductive biology, only men have seed and women are like fields, and only women cause reproductive problems. Again, these ideas are based on an ancient phenomenological perspective and they were perfectly reasonable considering their limited knowledge. Another example with living organisms deals with ancient taxonomy. According to the Bible, bats are birds. Leviticus 11 commands, ''These are the birds you are not to eat... the eagle, the vulture, [17 other birds are listed]... And finally and the bat.'' Bats are not birds they're mammals but they fly. So, it's reasonable to think that they were birds from an ancient phenomenological perspective. An ancient phenomenological perspective also led to the idea of the immutability of living organisms. For example, plants and animals reproduce according to their kinds, and this phrase is stated 10 times in Genesis 1. Ancient people saw that a goat gave birth to a goat which gave birth to a goat which gave birth to another goat. Therefore, it was perfectly reasonable to think that living organisms are immutable and unchanging. The De Novo creation of living organisms is also based on an ancient phenomenological perspective. Ancient people believe that plants and animals were originally created quick and complete. Take for example the goats. They came to this logical conclusion through the retrojection of the goat birth's goat data set back in time. Ancient people knew that a goat today was birth by an earlier goat which was birthed by an even earlier goat. And they came to the reasonable conclusion that there must have been an original goat or group of goats and therefore, the De Dovo creation of the first goat or goats. Recognizing that the Bible has an ancient phenomenological perspective regarding living organisms has huge implications for the creation accounts in Genesis 1-11. First, the attribution of divine action in the origin of living organisms in Genesis 1 and 2 is filtered that is accommodated through an Ancient Near-Eastern understanding of origins. With this being the case the De Novo creation of life in Genesis 1 and 2 is ancient science. As a consequence, the anti-evolutionism of young-Earth creation and progressive creation is based on: ancient biology. Finally, and most importantly, since the biblical writers viewed plants and animals through an ancient phenomenological perspective, Genesis 1 and 2 do not reveal how God actually created living organisms. As we noted in the previous hermeneutical principle, God did not reveal in the Bible how he actually created the heavens and the earth. So, we shouldn't be surprised that he did not reveal how he actually created plants and animals. Therefore, we need to open the book of God's works and do the science in order to discover how God actually created plants and animals including us. Let's now consider an excursus on historical criticism and human origins. Throughout this course, I've been emphasizing the importance of understanding the Bible within its historical context. With regards to human origins, there were two creative mechanisms in the ancient Near East: a plant-like mechanism and a craftsman-like mechanism. In order to understand the plant-like mechanism, we have to remember that ancient people believed in the 1 "seed" theory or preformatism. As noted earlier in the course, they believe that male reproductive seed included an entire miniature human being. In this way, we will see that the Mesopotamians believed the gods sowed the seeds of humans in the earth and humans later sprout like plants. The Assur bilingual creation account known as KAR 4 states that ''the gods plant the seeds of humans in the earth and people later sprout from the ground like barley.'' Similarly, the Mesopotamian hymn to E'engura also claims that ''humans broke through the earth's surface like plants''. And the hymn to the Pickax records that ''a god strikes the ground with a whole like axe so that the seed from which people grow could sprout from the field''. The second ancient Near Eastern method for creating humans was a craftsman-like mechanism whereby the God or the gods used earth or clay to fashion humans. In the Mesopotamian Epic of Atrahasis, a goddess mixes clay and the blood of a dead god two fashion seven males and seven females. The Enki and Ninmah account states that ''an intoxicated God uses earth to make imperfect humans.'' And then the Egyptian pyramid texts and coffin texts, the god Khnum fashions humans on a potter's wheel and the goddess Isis gives life to the human form. Let me offer some comments which have significant implications with regards to origins as understood in the Bible. First, the plant-like mechanism seems to be the creative method in Genesis 1:24 where we read ''God said, 'Let the earth produce living creatures according to their kinds: livestock, creatures that move along the ground, and wild animals.'' The Hebrew verb yasar to produce is the very same verb found in Genesis 1:12 where it reads ''the earth produced vegetation.'' For me, this verse clearly implies that animals in Genesis 1 were created from seeds that sprouted from the earth. In other words, Genesis 1 uses an Ancient Near-Eastern creative mechanism and this is another example of accommodation with the Bible using the science of the day. Second, the Craftsman-like mechanism is clearly the creative method in Genesis 2:7 with the creation of the first man, Adam. ''The Lord God formed the man from the dust of the ground and breathed into his nostrils the breath of life, and the man who is Adam became a living being.'' The Hebrew verb yasar to form is the root of the term Potter and we see it used in Isaiah 64:8, "We that is humans, are the clay, you that is God, are the potter, we are the work of your hand." To be sure, the implications of this Ancient Near-Eastern craftsman-like mechanism in Genesis 2:7 for the creation of Adam, are very significant. The De Novo creation of Adam is Ancient Near-Eastern creative mechanism. In other words, Genesis 2:7 is another example of accommodation with the Bible using the science of the day. End of episode.
