We have, we have today a generic column of a rat, built from 10,000 cells. We can now connect different columns to each other. Composing ten columns or so. Simulating the electrical activity of ten columns like this. Receiving a particular input, looking at the activity, trying to understand the collective activity due to this connectivity and electrical properties of synapses and neurons. But this is from the mouse, and of course, a natural question will come, so what about humans? And there are several places in the world. one unique one. Is in Amsterdam in the fine university. A group there is working in the hospital with patients, where by the patient is, has a tumor, or maybe has a, an epileptic seizure and you have to take out. Piece of a brain. So this is a brain of a human, with a particular region that you have to go through. So the physician takes on the way, on the way to this region. He takes out parts of the cortex of the patient. Sometimes a big part. Look at the brain of human versus the brain of a mouse, so sometimes a big part like this. And so this is this group from from Amsterdam. They receive from the physician a big chunk of human cortex, which is a very rare material. Only comes from hospitals. Living, cortical, human brain. And then, because this piece had to be taken out for purposes of of, of medicine, or because of the, of the epileptic seizure, or because of the tumor, you have to take this piece out. Then you can do classical recording. You can see a cell from a, a pyramidal cell from human. The cell body, the dendrites look very similar to the mouse, bigger with more synapses. You can reconstruct the apical tree, the basal tree. You can do really a full complete anatomy, as you know, you can see the layers. Layer one, two, three and so forth. You already know about the layers and you can really characterize, like Monica Hall already did, but this is now a living material. And then, you can both do anatomy reconstructing the cells, but you can also do physiology. Recording the spikes from this cell, from this cell, from this cell, and also from pairs of cells trying to see who is connected to who, and so you really can start to get. A human cortical column so we are aiming of course at simulating the human cortical column in the Blue Brain project. But here is some limitation. So I show you the computing speed. How many operations per second, these large, big supercomputers can do. We are somewhere here today, we are somewhere here. And so we can, we can simulate about 100 cortical columns, as I said using the present state art computers. But, in order to really reconstruct and, I mean simulate mathematically, a whole human brain, we need something much more powerful, probably a million times more powerful than present day computers can do. So we cannot use present day computers. To eventually simulate a whole human brain and then try using this simulation to understand the activity within the whole brain associated with a particular disease. We can simulate a column, several columns of humans. This will be hopefully enough to already understand some diseases emerging within sub-networks. So what happens here? This is the big problem of computers today. You may know that increasing the speed by a million to exo-flop, exo-scale computation relative to the petaflop. Or actually the teraflop, we can do today, this is a big jump. This is the red jump, which is very, very difficult. And there are lot of companies, and a lot, a lot of attempts, to get to this scale, within ten years. So we are, we are here somewhere. We are trying to go there, in terms of simulating, the whole human brain. We are hoping, that due to, developments, in the computing world, but also due to The Human Brain Project, we will be able to develop, new technologies. Maybe even inspired by the brain, to be able to simulate the human brain itself. So you can see that the human brain have, to generate technologies, perhaps inspired by understanding its own brain, in order to be able eventually, to simulate and understand In terms of simulation-based research the brain of the human itself. So let's go and complete this lecture by talking about The Human Brain Project.