Welcome to week five of The Music of the Beatles, here on Coursera. And this week we're going to talk about 1968. And for the most part, 1968 and the career of the Beatles, is encompassed with the, the recording of the album often, often called the White Album, but officially just called The Beatles. Anyway a double album with a lot of songs for us to get through this week. And then, at the end of our, our videos this week, we'll talk a little bit about the project, Yellow Submarine. I'm, I'm not giving it full consideration, as much consideration as we've given some of the other records. Because, in many ways, it's not even really a Beatles project but almost kind of like the licensing the images their images for the purposes to look at, I'll look at that when we get to the last video of this week. For now I'd like to start of by giving you an overview of some of the main points that we'll hit on. And some of the main points I'll be going back to again and again during the course of this week. One the things that we can see in 1968, is the Beatles remained friends despite some kind of, some, some kinds of growing tensions in the group that we already talked about last week when they made the transformation from being a live band to being a studio band. It meant that people's roles in the group were kind of shifted. John and Paul became more the main movers and shakers in what was going on, and George and Ringo, not exactly reduced to being side men, but it was not the same kind of relationship the four had been in when they were, doing live shows all the time. Even though recording had been part of that, now recording really was the only thing. But they remain friends. And you can see that, already in the taking a trip to India, which we'll talk about in just a minute, going together and not, not taking separate vacations. Now even though they, they were still together as a group, when we get to the White Album, we'll see that they work like less of a band together, and more like a kind of songwriters' co-op in which each of the members played on the other one's songs, or didn't in some cases and so it's less like a group. That has one single identity as this sort of four guys sort of pulling together as the Beatles, than kind of like Paul McCartney and the Beatles, John Lennon and the Beatles, George Harrison and the Beatles. And so now, this line we've been following all the way through it, it kind of keep the John songs and the Paul songs and the George songs separate. Now, we can see how that can be useful because we really are going to be talking almost like we're talking about three albums. An album by Paul, an album by John, and maybe sort of an EP or something by George. And even one song by Ringo on this album. Another thing that happens in 1968 is the Beatles attempt to take control of their business affairs. Launching a company called Apple Corps, corps. Of course, the the pun, apple core, right? But nevertheless, they're trying to take control of their, their the business part of their their activities because as we talked in the last video Brian Epstein passed away in August of 1967. They've already been planning to do something like Apple when Brian passed away but now it was really imperative that they try to get the business part of it together so we'll talk a little bit in just a second about how all that went. So let's run through some of the big events of 1968 just to kind of sketch the year out before we actually get into the White Album and the songs that are on it. At the very end of 1967 in December the group opened the Apple Boutique in London. And the initial idea behind the Apple Boutique was to have a shop where they could have not only clothes, but also books, and records, and things that they, that they really kind of endorsed in terms of what we would today think of as a kind of a lifestyle kind of a shop. Remember now this was very early days before the idea. I mean there was already a psychedelic shop for example, in San Francisco, but there weren't really a lot of shops that really, sort of, catered to kind of what was becoming the counter-culture or hippie world view. Some of the records and some of the music they sold there was, was, was music that we would now think of as world music, and the Beatles were in many ways. Some of the first ones to really bring in an appreciation of, for music of other cultures to their fans in the case of, especially in the case of Indian music. But also in books that reinforce their world view. The Apple Boutique opens as a kind of beatle business enterprise in the summer of 1967. Unfortunately it doesn't go particularly well. I mean, I think they think, I think they ended up thinking that the, the, the shop was, was fine. But they really kind of dabbled at it, and it didn't work out, and by the summer, July of 68, it was closed. You gotta hand it to the Beatles, they closed the shop in style. Rather than just closing the store or remaindering all the inventory, you know, going out of business sale or something like that, they just decided they were going to close it And they set up a, a, day where people anybody who wanted could come in and take one item free. In other words, they gave everything in the store away. And that really constitutes according to Paul McCartney the bulk of the loss that the store racked up. Of course they had a special private session the night before they had the public one and people who were close to the group or knew the group got to come and [LAUGH] take whatever they wanted from the store. And then what was left over they opened up to the general public. So, but already then we can see this sort of first step, for taking care of their business. February through April, April of 1968, they take a trip to Rishikesh the four of them together. Paul Ringo stays just a couple of weeks. Paul stays a little bit longer than that. John and George stay the full time, to study. They, they went to Rishikesh to study in India. To study with the Maharishi Mesho, get to study transcendental meditation at his ashram there. There were other famous people there with them. Madonna then I believe was there, Mike Love of the Beach Boys was there as well. Mia Farrow and her sister Prudence were there, giving rise to the song Dear Prudence. We'll talk about that when we talk about the White Album. So, it was a whole cohort of young 20 something people. Young beautiful people, all going to, to this what essentially was a kind of meditation camp with the Maharishi in India, and staying there long. Longer certainly than they had certainly than they had the experience in Bangor, in the summer, the late summer of 1967 studying transcendental meditation. The trip to Rishikesh ended up with a misunderstanding with the Maharishi. it, it was at the time it was the John Lennon thought that he found out that the Maharishi was making passes at some of the young women that were with him. And he found this incredibly hypocritical of somebody who was talking about, you know, living a life free from, you know earthly desires, and trying to reach a kind of a spiritual level, and then you know heading out after the women. Yeah this didn't seem, didn't seem right and, and in John's mind it was just another person who was trying to rip The Beatles off, to take advantage of their fame to advance their own personal agenda, this kind of thing. Well, it later turns out that this this people who were there, have this, more information came out over the years, and it turned out none of this really happened that way at all. There was some trouble making going on inside the members that were there, and stories were made up and this kind of thing, and, most of the Beatles, who commented on it later ended up saying that they thought the maharishi was really a fantastic guy and they were glad they had an experience with him, but nevertheless, the song Sexy Sadie comes out of John's anger over the, the way things ended. So anyways, they left, they left the Ashram there in Rishikesh kind of feeling like like it, they made or some things hadn't worked out quite the way they wanted them to. We get in March the release of the single Lady Madonna. With the inner light of the b side of that in May the Beatles officially launched Apple Corps. And they go to the United States and have a big press conference. They appear on the Tonight Show, talking about it. Announcing that they've started their own company, their own record label, their own production company, this kind of thing. You know, in years following, lots of bands would have their own record label. Do their own production and various kinds of things like that. The Beatles were kind of the first in and so they were laying the groundwork for maybe a kind of a change that would happen in the business in the years to come. Well, in May after the Beatles get back after John and Paul get back to the U.S., the White Album sessions begin in earnest, and the album they work on the album from May through October. At the end of the summer in August Hey Jude is released as a single with revolution as its B side. In November, the White Album is released, and then in early January, the animated feature Yellow Submarine, is also released, the album and the film, are, are released and so we'll talk about yellow submarine at the very end of this week's lectures although it's strictly speaking as, you know, just outside of 1968. nevertheless, having looked over the, the, look, sort of done a quick survey of the Beatles in 1968, we can kind of see the main events of what was happening with the group in that year. Let's take a, a minute now to kind of look at the songs that were on the singles that were released. Remembering now that Magical Mystery Tour had been a flop at the end of December when the film was broadcast it was panned by critics. The U.S. network that had the rights to broadcast it, it, it, in America cancelled the show. And so that part of it was a flop. Now the album itself, was really quite successful and the music that went with it but there was a sense in The Beatles camp that maybe they needed to, maybe they needed a hit, you know, to really kind of make sure that people didn't get the idea that The Beatles were on the way out. And so. We get Lady Madonna from Paul recorded in February of 1968 and released in March. It went to number four in the U.S., number one in the UK. And, even the fact that it went to number four, most groups would kill for a number four hit. Even the fact that it went to number four, was seen as, oh, The Beatles are losing it. Their single only went to number, it's only a top five single. What could possibly be wrong with the group, right? And so even that didn't satisfy a lot of folks. Now we'll come back to this song in one of our closeups, when we look at some of the Paul songs, and talk about Lady Madonna. In more detail and how it fits into Paul's what seems to be his new tendency at this time, to really look back into his own past and into previous rock and roll and pop music styles to sort of find a new way forward. But I don't want to anticipate my story too much. The B-side of Lady Madonna, The Inner Light, a George song, another one we'll talk about in one of the song close ups a little bit later. This one recorded in India in 68. So just before Lady Madonna, and then finished during some of the same sessions that produced Lady Madonna. The B-side continues in George's Indian music style. And we'll talk about that when we talk about it in more detail. And two other songs that we'll talk about in detail a little bit later. Paul's Hey Jude. Which was the big hit that proved to everybody that The Beatles were not out of it. It recorded in July of 1968 and released in August. This album, this song went to number one in the U.S. and the UK and we'll talk a little bit more about the lyrics, the song and what makes that song so special. With the B side of it being Revolution. Imagine another sort of AB kind of thing, and that, that song went to number 12. So you had the A side going to number one, the B side going to number 12. The Beatles were definitely back and any any rumors to the effect of their death were greatly exaggerated and certainly premature. So this gives us a sense of what was happening with the singles over, over the year 1968. I want to say a word, before we go on, about the Beatles as idealist. One of the things that we can see as we watch the Beatles career unfold, is that, even in the times when they're failing they're failing trying to do something that is very idealistic so if they, if they, fail perhaps because it was because they were naive or their expectations were too great or something like that, I think we can see that with regard to their their their relationship to drugs especially to psychedelic drugs not so much pot which I think they used more recreationally than anything else. But with regards to LSD and other drugs the idea of sort of exploring some kind of higher awareness, the turning to the Maharishi and transcendental meditation making the commitment to take a couple of months and go to to India to sort of get closer to the source, that kind of thing. It's all a very idealistic kind of approach, the idea that they could start a company and help other musicians with that company as they, as they try to do it with Apple Corps. You know, there was even an ad at one point that they put in the, the, in, in, in, in the paper that said, you know, send us your tapes, send us your projects, and you know, we'll help you produce them, you won't have to go to the big, you know corporate types, you know, the money grubbers, this kind of thing, the Beatles refer to help. This was naive, but incredibly idealistic, and so you can see that sort of consistently. What you don't see a lot of is them scheming to kind of maximize their product or really sort of thinking the way the way sort of in a caricature of the sort of greedy business model. They really seemed, where they, where they made mistakes they made them out of naivety and out of unbounded idealism. And I think this attitude really hooks into the way they approach their music during this period, that is the emphasis on the artist approach, you know, and the, and, and the emphasis on authenticity, being real. Trying to do something that's real, that has some real substance to it, that's really trying to achieve something in the music and try not doing anything cheap or quick or kind of a a second rate kind of manner, a fast kind of manner just, which a group like, like The Beatles could have done considering they're celebrities. People would have bought almost anything at a, a certain point. And so I think the combination of The Beatles' idealism with their sense of authenticity, they're, they're projecting an image of authenticity and casting themselves as we're looking as artists in a really earnest and kind of sincere way, became a very important model to many who would father them follow them. In the period, in the period following this a lot of people looked at the White Album as that album you know that may have had certain flaws and maybe all the tunes weren't as sort of consistently good, but it was the one where the Beatles were really sort of authentically there at least for a lot of artists coming later so that's May, maybe part of the big impact of 1968 is the real nailing down of what it means to be a, sort of a responsible artist in the popular music community. And again what a big transformation that is from. What they, what they stood for in 1963 and 1964 which was just really, you know, charismatic performers and talented pop song writers and musicians. Well, having talked about that let's move on to our actual discussion of the Beatles' White Album. [BLANK_AUDIO]
