I want to go back to Primo Levi, who says that what was involved was, and I quote, a gigantic biological and social experiment remaking the map of Europe, the map of Eastern Europe, the map of Western Europe. And part of that biological and social experiment was to be done through war. And as Peter has pointed out, you have war, you have chaos. And the Romanian example is what happens with that history and that chaos. The Romanians are one example, we might say, on the side of murdering Jews. The examples of Denmark, of Czechoslovakia to a certain extent, and of Italy, are examples on the other side, where there was not the same kind of interest in killing Jews. Although the results were not great, because the Germans had invaded, and the Germans, depending on how they governed, were able to send Jews to the camps and to the extermination centers. But this is a kind of huge over arching set of issues. So we need to think about that and history, and this history is full of exceptions. Depending on the choices of the Germans in charge of Denmark, the Germans in charge of Italy, and the Italians, and how they responded, and how the Chechoslovaks responded. So you have to think about differences. >> It's an interesting bit that we have remarkable, and it's one of the strangest thing about the story of the holocaust. Remarkable photographic experience because of the German's passion for photography. And we have nothing from the Romanians. That is, we don't have pictorial evidence on the Romanian side, and it's too bad that they lacked that passion for photography that the Germans had. >> But you'll remember, and Paul Roth mentioned it, the German soldiers who would take photographs. They'd bring their girlfriends to the picnic, and then Jews would be killed. >> The Romanians could not afford to have a camera. >> And the Italians, including the Italian army, protected Jews. So there are all kinds of historical detail that you need to be aware of that make for difference. I wanna say something about Jews and difference in a moment. But first, I want to remind you that the evaluations for Peter and me are online. I think you will be getting emails about them. The evaluations for your section leaders are in section, and we are going to try to show one more movie Monday evening, if we can get the VHS to work. >> It's the best of them. >> But I want to say something about Jews. Primo Levi in the Periodic Table, has a wonderful chapter called Potassium. And he talks, quote unquote, about small differences in chemical elements, but he's also talking about the Jews. Because the Jews are in some ways Europeans and there is only a small difference between them and other Europeans, of course on a spectrum. But to many, many fascists to the Nazis, the Jews are the ones who are bringing modernity. They are disrupters, they are aliens. You may have heard the word disruptor as what Silicon Valley does to all kinds of industries today. We embrace disruptors. We embrace diversity. This was not the case with these countries for different reasons. >> It's an interesting paradox that the fascists, the Nazis, explicitly repudiated modernity. And yet, their very existence depended on modernity. More than that, their policies further contributed to destroying that kind of futile structure which they claimed to stand for. That is, in the case of Germany, the Nazis believed that women should stay home. In fact, because of economic necessities, a larger percentage of women actually came to be liberated from the home than it would have been otherwise. In general, they contributed to modernizing of their society to a greater extent than they really wanted to. >> So you have to beware of what people claim they're doing and what they end up doing. >> What they accomplish, yes. >> What they accomplish. And one of the things that I think we can talk about is that the Nazi view of what they were doing was to create a utopia. They were Utopians. They were going to make everything new. And Peter would agree, I think with this, but maybe not. Beware of Utopians. The first Utopian novel was written as a critique of society by Thomas Moore. But it was not a program to put into action. So beware of people who come to you with that Utopian gleam. We're going to make everything new. Everything will be different.