The complexity of international development is not only driven by its different functions, but also by the multitude of its players, such as governmental agencies, national and international NGOs, intergovernmental and supranational organizations. [MUSIC] The first important distinction needs to be made between bilateral and multilateral organizations, mostly in terms of their institutional nature and the governance mechanisms. Bilateral organizations are governmental agencies or non-profit organizations receiving funds and often directives from their home countries government. And that provide various forms of aid to beneficiary countries. Such aid can be, for example, in the form of technical or humanitarian assistance, funding for development, direct support to delivery of essential public services. Agency maybe at a various degree independent from the executive power, but they're still linked to their national social sector. Examples of governments or bilateral organizations include the United States Agency for International Development, USAID, the UK's Department for International Development, DFID, and the Swiss Agency for Development and Cooperation, SDC. Multilateral organizations are inherently transnational and their membership is made up of at least three member states. Membership is normally either regional or global. They are governed through a collective decision-making mechanism, which mirrors the broad consensus on priorities and interventions. The role of multilateral organizations is crucial, for example, to facilitate and enforce international treaties and agreements, norms and standards, to engage stakeholders and mobilize cross sectoral partnerships and, to provide a coordinated and harmonized humanitarian assistance and international development activities. Multilateral organizations assume a variety of institutional forms and can be described in many clusters or family. For example, the Yearbook of International Organizations identifies five main families or clusters of multilaterals by blending multiple criteria related to membership, scope of intervention, sector, and type of mandate. The first one is the United Nations system organizations. Second cluster is made of the international financial institutions. A third important one is the supranational institutions, the fourth, the organizations for security and effects, and the last one, the organizations for economic and social integration at the regional level. Now the most important distinction is probably between supranational institutions and all other intergovernmental organizations. Supranational institutions work on the principle of shared sovereignty. Therefore, constituting members agree to putting common part of their decision-making on areas such as trade, monetary policy, common defense policy. A good example of a supranational institution is the European Union. Intergovernmental organizations are institutions with their own legal personality established and governed by treaty under international law. They are composed by member states acting as the international community to promote development, cooperation, as well as to maintain peace and security. But they do not, in principle, relinquish to the organization any component of their sovereignty. Intergovernmental organizations are therefore fundamentally an association of member states that promotes international cooperation through specific mandates. What are these mandates? They are sets of roles and functions attributed by the community of member states and subject to a periodic revision as the political landscape and the global needs evolve. [MUSIC] Example of intergovernmental organizations include agencies of the United Nations system and regional organizations for security cooperation, such as OSCE and. Now looking further into the intergovernmental organizations, the moose recording isable cluster is clearly the United Nation system. This is a constellation of about 30 organizations, funds, programs, specialized agencies there are independence. And separates to various degrees from the core of the system represented by the main governance bodies, such as the governor, the General Assembly, this security, Gaussian, and the United Nations secretary. Moving to the international financial institutions. The most numerous group can be ascribed to the so called global and regional development banks. These organizations provide access to credit. Which is necessary to foster economic and Social Development to governments and enterprises, usually in the form of loans. Or what we call quasi equity. They complement their financial support with technical assistance to ensure effective use of the financial resources. Within the IMF is the International Monetary Fund. It's an organization of its own kind, focused on macroeconomic stability and on the sustainability of the international financial system. Let's see onto another cluster organizations for security and Defence. Are very loosely need to cluster and examples include native. A system of collective defense in which member states agree to a mutual defense in response to a potential attack by any external party, and I see. Which is active in many areas including arms control, border management, combating terrorism, preventing conflicts, and managing post crisis situations. As well as facilitating military forms and increasing policy capabilities of member states. Finally. Organizations for economic and social integration. Lead regional integration processes. At different levels, economic, security, political, social and cultural. As therefore it's often focused on increasing free movements, people, labor goods, and capitals across national borders, thus reducing the possibility of regional armed conflicts and adopting a cohesive regional stance on political issues. The OECD an Asian. Are good examples of these organizations moving on from multilateral organizations which we just described. National and international NGOs are another important player. They come in a multitude of institutional forms and may perform a very wide spectrum of functions ranging from advocacy for human and civil rights. For example, Oxford to humanitarian intervention in the field, like care. To funding for health. Like the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation. Some of these organizations can be ascribed to the category of volunteer East organizations, while others are structured and function as business foundations. NGOs are particularly important for their role. Underground as partners and implementers. Especially domestic NGOs, given their knowledge, and they're very well established. Presence in the field that makes them able to reach segments of beneficiaries living in remote and rural locations that other organizations correct. Under eyes are also hybrid transnational organizations, such as the global public private partnerships. Particularly active in this area is our organizations related to health, food, and nutrition. These organizations are made of cross sectoral members, including businesses, national states, academia, notable individuals. Examples include Gabby, the Global Alliance on vaccination and immunization. And the Global Fund to fight aids, tuberculosis and malaria. This hybrid forms of organization have several advantages, including agile secretariats maximum reliance on financial and knowledge resources of their cross sectoral partners. In order to financing mechanisms that. Used to catalyze funds, especially in the private sector, and strong alliances between industry and governments to shape markets, shape policy making, and grant access to the final beneficiaries. Now we know a lot about the main actors of the international corporation sectors, we reviewed them. So what can we say about their roles and their interactions? Let me point out a few trends and dynamics that are definitely worth noting for you. The first one, the role of intergovernmental organization is swiftly changing from the one of implementer to the one of facilitator and capacity-builder of national governments and civil society organizations. What we call the national actors. This means to progressively transition from their role of downstream intervention to a more upstream intervention related to policy and advisory. As countries mature their ability to self finance public programs and their national systems, including having strong budgets and very credible public governance mechanism. A second trend, international aid is increasingly bilateralized to the detriment of the multilateral approach. As we will see later on in this course, about three-quarters of the official development assistance, the ODA flows, are now made of bilateral aid. And even multilateral organizations are more and more linked to earmarked voluntary funds given by donors. This powerfully orients operational activities and calls for strengthened system-wide coherence and coordination of interventions across the board. The last trend that I'm leaving you with is the fact that innovative, more flexible, and focusing to institutional forms are challenging the continued relevance of traditional international institutions. For example, global public private partnerships, like the Global Fund, are challenging significant areas of influence of established organizations, such as the World Health Organization. New forms of dialogue and soft partnerships, like the World Economic Forum, are making strides in areas where traditional trade and labor agreements promoted by WTO and ILO are stored. These are wake up calls for intergovernmental organizations to rejuvenate and reinvent themselves.
