Hi, everyone and welcome to the instructional video on the auricular surface age estimation method. The auricular surface is also on your pelvis. However, it's on your os coxa more towards the back, where your os coxa articulates with your sacrum. And often, it's more commonly found in archeological contexts, because it's more durable than the pubic symphysis. As Dr. Waters-Rist presented in our videos, there are five features that are scored using the auricular surface method. This is transverse organization, surface texture, microporosity, macroporosity and apical changes. Transverse organization is the transverse billowing or striation, moving of the surface of the auricular surface. This is more pronounced in the earlier phases and then gets lost towards the older stages of life. Surface texture is presented by a finely granular surface texture in earlier phases and then transitions into patches of contact bones or more dense bone toward the older phases of life. Microporosity presented by little holes, that are smaller than one millimetre in diameter. Whereas, macroporosity are holes that are larger than one millimetres in diameter. Apical changes are changes that occur in the apex, or border on part of the auricular surface, where you can see osteophytic lipping. So little bony outgrowths or the bone just becomes more irregular. And there are different areas of the auricular surface that we need to score these features on. So as I just mentioned, there's the apex that you need to score, the apex change is on. Apex is located here but there's also the regular auricular surface that changes throughout time as well and then you can divide the auricular surface in two. So you have a superior face and an inferior face. So, if you apply these features on the auricular surface you can score each of these features using a score between one and five or one and three. If you look at transverse organization on this individual, you can see the transverse organization is completely gone. Therefore, the score of this feature is a maximum of five. Surface texture is visible in these little fractures of dense bone which as I mentioned occurs towards older end of the age spectrum. So we can also say that this is a maximum score of five out of five. Microporosities are actually only visible in small portions on the superior of the auricular surface. Therefore, this feature gets a score of two out of three. Macroporosity, however, is visible on the entire surface, and therefore gets a score of three out of three. Apical changes, as you can see here, the border is somewhat irregular and there's even somewhat lipping present. Therefore, this feature gets a 3 out of 3, if you add these scores up, you get a score of 18. Whilst 19 is actually the maximum score you can get using this method. Therefore, we can already say that this individual is somewhat towards the older age range of this method, 18 translates into an age face of 7 and 7 has a mean age of 72.25. But as Christine said, there are age ranges attached to these mean ages. And the age range of this phase is 53 to 92 which is a slightly smaller age range than the method presents in previous video but it's still a large age range. Yet, if we combine these two methods we can already say that this individual is somewhat of an older individual. A middle elder adult but probably more likely an old adult.